Nationalized Models and Country Comparison Essay

Comparing health care system can be a beneficial tool when making changes to an existing system. When two countries use different fundamentals in their health care systems, looking at the similarities and differences allows for comparison and change in a current system. Collecting this data and comparing it gives countries the opportunity to make changes and implement new strategies to better their existing health care systems. The United States health care is predominantly comprised of private health care providers which are paid for by citizens paying for private medical insurance. There is some supplemented insurance available for poor and disabled citizens who are subsidized by the federal government but available through the different states. The senior citizens have a federally funded health care referred to as Medicare, which is funded by money collected from workers throughout their careers. Germany has one the oldest national health plans in Europe. The plan is for all citizen of Germany to have health insurance. It is required for the workers to pay a percentage of their income into the national plan. The rate of premiums is then based on a person’s level of income. The national plan then allows higher wage earners to opt out of this plan and pay for private insurance. The United States struggles with the high cost of health care and having the ability to continue to provide basic coverage through Medicare and Medicaid. The German plan has created health insurance for its entire citizen with a surplus of over 5 billion dollars (Miriam Widman, 2011). The plan is cost effective for the German system. The United States is trying to explain how they will pay for the health care plan they have and the part they want to add. The problem starts with almost 45 million uninsured Americans (Arthur Garson Jr, MD, MPH, 2012). The health system in place for the German system has all citizen insured. This is costly for Americans and the health care budget. Implementation of a new health care system in the United States is and has been a problem. The private sector is primarily the main source of insurance coverage for Americans. It has been proposed many different times or the US to go to a National program, and generally not supported. The main argument is this would create socialism in the United States and take away our freedoms. The Germans do not see it this way, â€Å"You (in the U. S. ) have risks but you also have opportunities†¦. but for us it’s clear. Health is a risk that cannot be placed on the shoulders of the individual. † (Ann Marini). The Obama Health Care Act seems to address many of the issues that face Americans, but it seems to have a lot of opposition. The German National Health Care plan has support from both parties (Miriam Widman, 2011). It is possible the new plans for the US will continue to move forward in 2014, and make a difference for the uninsured Americans. The German plan seems to work with a surplus of funds to back it up. Both of these systems have good and bad parts to them. It seems that Americans are afraid that choices will be limited with change from the mainly private system that is in place now. Comparing other system does make sense to make changes on the system in place. The goal is to have the best health care at affordable prices for all the citizens of both countries.

American Multiculturalism Essay

Multicultural education helps achieve the highest goals in the achievement of setting goals to all students. It promotes many different diverse languages, decision making and critical thinking. All the while moving away from inequality and moving towards cultural pluralism. Multicultural Education is to reform schools and gives all cultures a chance in every area: job, school and in the community. It also includes nationality, diversity and class to the students while teaching. This education benefits the students by centering their education in familiar ways to their culture and helps them think on it in multiple ways. In this way the students have an opportunity to be comfortable and in a relatively familiar setting to their culture. I have read on globalization and it is based on integration of different people with different backgrounds. â€Å"As a concept, refers both to the â€Å"shrinking† of the world and the increased consciousness of the world as a whole. It is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of dramatically increased cross-border trade, investment, and cultural exchange. The processes and actions to which the concept of globalization now refers have been proceeding, with some interruptions, for many centuries, but only in relatively recent times has globalization become a main focus of discussion. The current or recently-past epoch of globalization has been dominated by the nation-state, national economies, and national cultural identities. The new form of globalization is an interconnected world and global mass culture, often referred to as a â€Å"global village. (New World Encyclopedia, retrieved 1/18/13) The intent of this is to live alongside like cultures and befriend them economically and socially. History speaks of many encounters with multicultural education. It had its pros and cons. In some instances it was harmful to others if this fell into the wrong hands of people with ill intent to others, but it was for the most part a benefit to us all. It’s just like when one country invents something. Then the next country follows up with something else just a little better. To me this is a great example. We all benefit from this. Overall students can excel at more education and have a greater opportunity to access knowledge. Multicultural education also improves teaching methods, a better learning environment for international students and can eventually help the students to feel better acquainted with their communities. It also promotes acceptance in the dialect and citizenship of each student. We should be able to share these opportunities nationally and live side by side to benefit us all. It involves including everyone’s needs to make decisions in curriculum and in the way we live.

A Commitment to Strengthening the US Housing Market

While the subprime mortgage crisis and foreclosure crisis is shocking many Americans, the truth is that it has been looking at us for several years. The US government not only helps to solve this problem but also prevents future events by creating a control system that reminds us when the real estate market is overheating. This article outlines the steps the government can take to help people who need it. The U.S. government should establish a foreclosure relief fund (FRF) for individuals who faced foreclosure during the economic crisis. The mission of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is to provide everyone with a strong, sustainable, comprehensive community and quality affordable housing. HUD uses houses as a platform to strengthen the housing market, strengthen the economy, protect consumers, meet the demand for high-quality affordable rental housing, and improve the quality of life, without discrimination We will build a comprehensive and sustainable commun ity. Established in 1951, the National Credit Counseling Foundation (NFCCÂ ®) is the largest non-profit finance advisory body in the United States and offers the longest service period. The mission of the NFCC is to advance the national fiscal responsibility agenda and to build the capacity for its members to provide top quality financial education and advisory services. The Council for Certification (COA) is an international independent nonprofit human service certification body. Their mission is to cooperate with human service organizations around the world to improve service provision by developing, applying, and promoting certification standards. Reform and strengthen the federal midfield house. The government has reformed the use of the Residential Re-entry Center (RRC), often referred to as halfway dormitory, to provide housing to about 80% prisoners in the last month of federal judgment. The ownership and management of RRC has been fully privatized since the early 1980s, and BOP relies on a combination of commercial groups and nonprofit organizations. In November 2016, Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates announced a memorandum to instruct the BOP to use the purchasing power to thoroughly reform the individual market. In particular, this memo states that BOP sets clear and unified standards for all RRC providers, expands the collection and dissemination of RRC performance data, and is more efficient and efficient for federally re-entry services To explore alternate models that can produce market.

Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Ford Motor Company - Essay Example This report will give a comprehensive analysis of the external and internal factors and aspects that has lead the company to crisis. The first part of the analysis demonstrates a summary about the company and its problems in general. From the analysis in the second part it is found that poor management and decision making is the biggest problem of Ford. Ford is also loosing the market edge on Hybrid and Small cars segment. A fish bone diagram is used to represent the various challenges that have lead to the loss of profitability for Ford. The analysis helped to arrive at the issues which are management, competition, recession and quality. Excessive family control and poor decision making are the major management issues. Similarly, competition from Japanese car makers and other small and hybrid car makers are the major competition lead issues. Low demand and rippling effects of the recession are the recessionary issues. Finally product defects and recalls following that are the qualit y issues that affected ford. The analysis had also put forward various other solutions that will help the company to come back to profitability. Huge reduction of the family’s stake in the business is among the primary solution for Ford. The later part of the report describes a detailed cost benefit analysis for arriving at the right decision for the company. Some of the alternatives solutions available for Ford are as follows: invest huge in R&D, expand the market, develop more small cars, gradually exit the stake from other auto companies, invest in strategic alliances, gradually increase the marketing expenses, emphasize the message of quality. ... Ever since its inception Ford has acquired and sold many of the big brands in the industry. Jaguar & Land Rover and Volvo are the leading ones among them. Following the crisis that hit the company and which almost lead to their failure, it has to restructure itself thoroughly. As a part of it, Ford even discontinued its Mercury brand. Ford was one of the pioneers of ‘Mass Production’ concept. Ford introduced the assembly line system in the automobile production that enabled the roll-over of large number of cars within limited time. The Model T was the first Ford model to undergo assembly line production. â€Å"When the United States became involved in World War I (April 1917), the Ford Motor Company placed its resources at the disposal of the government.† (Funding Universe, 2011) Following the retirement of Henry Ford in 1918, the company’s operations were looked after by his son Edsel Ford. Ford faced the first financial problems in 1921 when the company h ad $58 million in debt and the company had only $20 million with them to meet this. But the various strategic moves that involved sales of maximum automobile and only through cash, reduction of inventories by one third, and various other cost reduction techniques helped them to increase cash inflow. Within no time Ford raised around $87 million which gave them a surplus amount even after meeting all its debt obligations. â€Å"The vision of Ford Motors is to become the world’s leading consumer company for automotive products and services. The mission statement of Ford is to that they are a global family with a proud heritage passionately committed to providing personal mobility for people around the world.  We anticipate consumer need and deliver outstanding products and services that improve people's

Domino's pizza (evaluation essay) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domino's pizza (evaluation ) - Essay Example Tossed pizzas, Bread Sticks, Cheesy Bread, Cinna Stix, Buffalo Wings, Boneless Chicken, oven-baked sandwiches, Breadbowl Pastas and Chocolate Lava Crunch Cake. This essay aims to evaluate Domino’s Pizza and compare it with another pizza store, Pizza Hut, which is considered to be its major competitor. Their products and marketing strategies will be assessed and weighed against each other. For this essay, one will focus on the pizza products only. A brief background about Pizza Hut will be discussed in this essay too. A major competitor of Domino’s is Pizza Hut. The first Pizza Hut was established in Wichita, Kansas in 1958, two years before Domino’s. At present Pizza Hut has more than 11,139 stores operating in more than 94 countries. Its menu includes Thin N Crispy, Veggie Lovers, Meat Lovers, Tuscani Pastas, WingStreet wings, pastas, bread sticks, Cinnamon Sticks, Hershey’s Chocolate Dunkers, among others. Both Domino’s and Pizza Hut offer almost the same product line. They both have thin and thick crusts pizza. Aside from the regular pizzas, Domino’s has Mexican-inspired pizzas which are offered for a limited time. Another addition to its pizza line are its gourmet pizzas where they use ingredients such as baby spinach and feta cheese. Like Pizza Hut, they also have a variety of toppings on their pizzas. The tomato sauce topping they use are almost similar in terms of sweetness and sourness. Both have the right blend of seasonings and spices that complement the wide range of toppings. Domino’s however boasts of its meatballs topping. Domino’s and Pizza Hut both have different crust offerings for their pizzas. Pizza Hut prides itself of their hand-tossed crust. One finds Domino’s pan pizza as softer and fluffier. For the thin crust pizzas, one is convinced that the Pizza Hut’s thin-crust pizza is crispier than that of Domino’s. In terms of the promotional strategy, both Domino’s and Pizza Hut have a â€Å"buy one, take

Consuming Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consuming Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Consuming Fashion" discovers the fashion consuming. The lifestyle of the baby boomers is unique, they like saving less and consuming more of what they get. In other words, the spending power of the baby boomer generation is considerable compared to the other generation. Baby boomers choice and spending on fashion in the future are largely influenced by their demographics, psychographic and their lifestyle behavior. Retailers have more opportunities in relation to the baby boomer generation, because they are high consumers than the other generations. Baby boomers (post-war baby boomers) were born between 1945 and 1954, and they have brought considerable social change in Britain especially in the consumption area. Macunovich 2000 (1) defines baby boomers as those individuals born between the years 1946 and 1964 in the United States. The group has come under intense scrutiny because of the public perceptions that they will put more pressure on financial and public services. T hey are also under intense scrutiny because they are thought to be a radical and liberal generation who are transforming everything in the society that comes their way. Baby boomers generation is considered to be the first teenagers; this is because they represent the affluent consumer society. Baby boomers are very diverse in nature\, and since they have some degree of experiences in social change, they differ greatly on education, class, and wealth. The status of their education views them as boomers.

Economic revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic revolution - Essay Example The new system aimed to represent every social group in administrating the interaction as it directs the new economic relations that resulted from social production. This had then paved the way to fundamental changes in humanity. Man’s primitive individualistic nature had made the development into a society quite a struggle. On the contrary his weakness and egotistical character drive him to acquire help that oblige him to cooperate with the same specie in order to survive. This was very evident in the ancient culture wherein food serves as their main necessity that binds individuals into a hunting tribe. But with the changing world, man’s needs and desires likewise moves toward something higher. As civilization advances man’s original nature was inevitably revealed, exposing a self-centered creature that he actually is. If individualism would prevail, diversity and disorganization would surely disrupt the society including its fundamentals such as industrialization. With that danger, man had come up with ways to prevent such disaster. Tradition had been used to preserve the society by obliging the succeeding generations to adhere to the previous kin’s occupation. At some part, it had to use authoritarian rule to defend its existence forcing people to work on their assigned task; this greatly refers to politics. Then came â€Å"market system† courtesy of economics. Market system secured the existence of the society by giving liberty to its people to do what they think would lead to their monetary advantage. The idea of gain lures its people to follow a central guiding rule without the need for tradition or authority. Being a systemic process that promotes interaction between its people as buyer or seller it had succeed to operate effectively into a social framework. Intelligently dealing with man’s individualistic nature it creatively answers the problem of

Coffe Shop Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Coffe Shop - Assignment Example Such a center would comprise of the serenity of a calm environment while also providing the rejuvenating refreshments that often correlates with a hassle-free refuge as a necessity for academic or professional research. Of course, the goal of combining the library/caf institutions would be to increase attendance to both the establishment and the downtown community. Like any business, a survey of current customers, i.e. readers/researchers, along with potential attendees must be taken into account if this establishment is ever expected to thrive. Therefore, samples of both categories of people were surveyed to answer the caf/library proposal. The first category of people were provided by Tony Barnett and library staff to meet an established criteria of frequent users, ages ranging from thirty to fifty years. Category number two is composed of individuals solicited by researchers that reside or are employed within a one-mile radius of the downtown area. These individuals are also within the thirty to fifty age ranges. With these candidates, the survey brings the opinions of both current attendees and very potential attendees. To better understand these candidates and their aspirations for the library, they were asked their own personal reasons for utilizing the library. Responses were various to include matters like researching, enjoyment, a place to bring children, internet accessibility, to save money, to utilize a silent environment, the abundance of informational resources, and for the programs any given library often offers. The fundamental purpose for any library will naturally be maintaining and offering informational resources. This correlates with the need to research and the quiet setting to achieve such a goal. Internet accessibility can also be paralleled with informational resources as the internet is perhaps the most modern and rising form of informational media. In fact, many libraries use the World Wide Web as a basis for cataloging the entire inventory of literature they may preserve. Accessibility to the internet in conjunction with the entire stock of literature allows people to save m oney on internet bills and book prices. Without this free access to media and literature, the general public would lack an overall ability to be successful, free-thinking citizens. And of course, there are the children to take into consideration, a population with the highest need of informational as well as imaginative enlightenment. Though schools are the primary establishment ordained to teach children, it is the library that allows for independent study in any field a pupil may deem fascinating. Without the library, the supportive ammunition essential to education would be seriously hindered. In essence, libraries are the pillars of the American educational system and still they remain the preserving force of all human knowledge. The question that comes to bear is how to reinforce these pillars: how can the library improve This question was bestowed to both groups and again a variety of responses were given. The primary concern of group one can be summarized as a need for a more

McDonalds Marketing Strategy in the World Assignment

McDonalds Marketing Strategy in the World - Assignment Example It was established in 1955 in Illinois, USA. McDonalds has become one of the most successful restaurant chains and largest hamburger food chain in the world. After successful business in United States, it expanded its operation overseas by opening its first overseas outlet in Canada.† Currently, $6 billion McDonalds serves about 64 million international customers each day with more than 33000 franchises operating in 121 countries. After every three hours, a McDonalds franchise is opened somewhere in the world. The average expansion rate of Mc franchises is 2500 store per year (McDonalds 2011). General Globalization Perspective and Marketing Challenges Going global requires a firm to set certain strategies that earn it success around the world. The firm has to accommodate in its product or services the cultural, religious and social values of the region it operates in. Some firms or industries get more benefit from global markets than operating locally. Globalization provides to the firms the factor cost differences, by exploiting which they can become more profitable. It also encourages businesses to shift towards the low tariff charging countries where the cost of doing business is low and/or demand for certain products is high. And due to societal and cultural benefits, the companies have more chances to bring innovation into their products. The global expansion brings efficiency, flexibility and innovation in a firm’s production system (QuickMba 2010) The firms which go global develop certain strategies to efficiently capture the overseas markets and cope with potential problems they might face operating there. They also develop Marketing Strategies to position in minds of customers the positive, tempting and healthy image of their products. Marketing strategy of a firm intends to correct what the customers feel about the organization. It deals with positioning the unique features of the product in customers’ minds. When the product a com pany offers is not liked by or is against the local, cultural, religious or social values, the marketing of the product becomes a difficult task and most of the times the products are altered up to the desire of the local demand to be accepted easily. So a great care is taken while marketing in different countries. McDonalds Marketing Strategies McDonalds is one of the best known brands worldwide. McDonalds’ dynamic business strategies made it leading global foodservice retailer in international market. Due to sound global expansion strategies and effective management, McDonalds leads the fast food restaurant industry through out the world. McDonalds sales are three times ahead of its top competitors. What earned McDonalds such image is how it has created loyalty in its customers through its marketing strategies throughout the world. With the combination of sound fundamental practices and innovative marketing, McDonalds has created a unique value to customers (McDonald 2008) McDonalds operates in about 121 countries of the world. This expansion includes Europe, Japan, China, India, Russia and other substantial markets. The following discussion will contain the specific strategies McDonalds practiced in its substantial markets. McDonalds marketing strategies in UK UK has been a very significant market for McDonalds since its launch in 1974 there. McDonalds operates in UK with more than 1000 restaurants and has gained substantial fast food market share. McDonalds followed various policies to gain an edge in the market by shaping the brand as British as possible. Marketing the McDonalds, not just the products For McDonalds, primary marketing objective was not marketing the food. Rather it emphasized on

Essay on Employment Law in Australia Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Employment Law in Australia - Essay Example It may not have been the intention of the employee to depict the scenario that has been adopted by the employer in the situation. In so doing, the employee lacks the forum to explain his or her actions leading to an unfair dismissal that could have been averted had proper investigations be done. Several reasons that employers issue are common grounds for unfair dismissal and infringement of statutory employment rights that each employee is entitled to according to Ford, Notestine, and Hill (2000). A common cause of unfair dismissal is when an employee makes a public interest disclosure (Stewart, 2011) as seen in the case of Andrea who disclosed information that was of public interest but was not necessarily related to the company's operational information. In order to seek fairness in the termination of her employment, Andrea sought to bring a lawsuit against the company in light of common law actions which are lawsuits governed by the general principles of law derived from court dec isions. Andrea is allowed to approach a court of law and initiate a lawsuit against her employer in which she will seek to show that her actions were in no way intended to cause harm to the organization but merely to inform her friends about the impending danger that may be encountered when one leaves their valuables near unlocked doors. It is allowed that a case be heard in the civil court before a tribunal that will determine whether the employee had been dismissed unfairly and even if the dismissal was justified, it will determine whether the nature in which it was done was appropriate and fair to the employee. Andrea is allowed in court to demonstrate the fact that the email she sent to her friends was only meant to warn them about the dangers she herself had encountered in her home so that they can take better care of their belongings in their houses. She can also demonstrate that the email was only sent to the members of staff within the company and not to outsiders as a means of trying to warn and protect her fellow staff members out of concern for their safety. It would only be natural for a person to try and warn her fellow staff members taking the lesson out of her own personal experiences. This is a common concept that is employed by any person who has the best interest of others at heart and would wish to be also warned in the same manner. Ideally, she may also have believed that email was one of means she could have used to reach many people within a short time. This may have been the only motivating factor that made her resort to the use of the medium and not any other construed ideologies that the company may have indicated. This is the information that Andrea did not get to share with her employers before she was dismissed; an explanation that could have cleared up issues. The depiction of the colored arm in her email may work against her because it is perceived as a gesture of racism. This may work against her considering that the company has got a specific policy on racism. It has clearly stipulated that one may not display or transmit sexually explicit images, messages or cartoons or email communications that may contain ethnic slurs or anything that may be construed as harassment or discredit others based on their national origin, race, sex, age, disability, sexual

To what extent was independence a gift from Britain Essay Example for Free

To what extent was independence a gift from Britain Essay On 14 of August 1947, Prime Minister Nehru spoke of the handover of power being a moment in history, when we step out from the old to the new. This message, coming from one crucial in the independence movement, unsurprisingly carries connotations of Independence coming through the actions of Indians, with a sense of growth alien to British interests and control. In contrast to the violent upsurge against the French in Indo-China, the reasons behind the annexation of India from the British Empire are both subtle and complex. While in a violent uprising it is relatively simple to discern that power has been taken, rather than given, the non-cooperation tactics employed in India clarifies little. The steady rise in pressure from Indian nationalists in conjunction with the apparently hurried withdrawal in 1947 have lead to a belief that Britain was effectively forced out of India. Whilst a possibility, this must however be regarded in relation to Britains changing objectives in an alien world to that of the early ideology of the Raj. In terms of historiography, two divergent views can clearly be discerned. That of the neo-imperialist presents independence as a nurtured gift of British benevolence. Exponents of this theory such as Sir Percival Griffiths point out that, other ruling powers have abdicated after defeat in war or as a result of successful insurrection, but it was left for Britain to surrender her authority as part of a process of devolution which had been operating for some time. While as a superficial judgement this statement proves true, for Britain did never lose complete control, it does perhaps insinuate a control in withdrawal that is inconsistent with the hurried exit of 1947. The concept of a state abdicating control of an advantageous situation by its own volition makes little sense, nor is there any precedent for this policy before the First World War. Statements of Lord Hardinge in 1912 boldly spoke of the permanence of British rule in India1 and so the neo-Imperial stipulation of plans for devolution, which had been in operation for some time cannot wholly be upheld, indeed it was not until 1942 that any affirmative time scale was introduced, or so claims the Nationalist interpretation. Here the Cripps offer of 1942 is seen as a post dated cheque by the Indian scholar Sumit Sarkar2, and independence is presented as seized from Imperial Britain by virtue of irresistible pressure by congress and its allies. This too however must also be seen to be draw from only a partial reading of events. As Griffiths points out, British control, though strained and tested, was not broken. Power was not seized, but granted by an act of the imperial parliament at Westminster. As such these polarized interpretations can be seen to reflect only half-truths, simplistic interpretations of a long and complex road to Indian freedom. In broad terms certain factors must be established and accepted, such as the vital and necessary role of a nationalist movement calling for independence. The claim that states do not willingly give up occupation must be considered in relation to possible economic motives, with the role of resistance within states leading to economic loss also taken into account. Due to statements such as that of Lord Hardinges in 1912, it must be conceded that Britain initially desired to continue the Raj before the First World War, however this cannot not be accepted de facto there onwards. One possible explanation for Britains withdrawal in 1947, which suggests independence was given willingly, is the diminishing importance of India and South East Asia. Both politically and economically Britain was, by 1947, deeply evolved in the Middle East. The oil-rich nature of many of these nations contrasted sharply with lack of Indian productivity for, as Lord Wavell specified, India will never, within any time we can foresee, be an efficient country3. This sentiment from the Viceroy in 1944 could be dismissed as simply seeking to save face except that it is from a private document to Prime Minister Churchill, and so can be seen as a reliable insight into the direction of British thought. The later mention of India possibly becoming a running sore which will sap the strength of the British Empire4 further suggests the lack of any economic basis for Britain holding onto India. One of the primary reasons for this was that the prosperity and efficiency of the Raj rested with an Indian populace that, even by 1941, was only 7% literate. Not only is this figure inconsistent with the British desire for efficiency, when coupled with a lack of self sufficiency (on average between 1930-40 once every four years around three million tons of grain had to be imported to avert famine, 4.27 million in 19365) this clearly illustrates part of Indias economic weakness. Nevertheless, the fact that literacy was rising and these problems were not new, clearly indicates that economic inefficiency did not give immediate rise to any British need to quit India. Instead, the role of trade, particularly in the rapidly changing post war situation, is far more significant. Crucially it is here that major profit is made, and Britains dominance was in decline. In contrast to Britains pre-war6 profits from cotton trade imports to India of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½37.9 million7, the rise in imports from Japan and America (by some 400% overall8) can be linked with the decline in cotton trade profits to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½27.2 million in 1919, a shift that Lawrence James terms as a fracture9 to the Anglo-Indian economic inter-dependency. This is perhaps the most accurate reflection but of greater interest is the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 million of British War debt that the Indian Government assimilated in return for being able to tax Lancashire cottons. This ability to obtain concessions from the British Government due to its financial constraints illustrates both Britains decline as a world power and thus Indias rising parity. Furthermore, the fact that after World War Two India passed from being Britains debtor to its creditor acutely reflects the gradual decline in the strength of Britains economic grasp over India. Coupled with the realisation that it was no longer necessary to have political control as a prerequisite of stable trade, the economics of Britains situation appears to make withdrawal beneficial. The prospect of a repetition of the costly insurrection of 1942 and of Muslim separatism exploding into civil war threatened not only further financial loss, but also to expose the weakened state of the ICS10 and other agencies of coercion. As Ian Copland suggests, with its shrinking resources Britain may well have wished to extricate itself from its responsibilities in India11. Britains steel frame of institutions such as the ICS, the Indian Army and the Police force had become seriously degraded, effectively loosening control over and within India. The move therefore to not fund a mass of inefficient bureaucracy whilst still profiting from trade, would be a shrewd one. Declining profitability is perhaps the strongest evidence for independence being a gift from Britain, with India being a net liability that had to be cast off according to R.F.Holland12. Although the situation was not as extreme as that of the Congo, where Belgium simply withdrew after the 1958 Copper Crash, a downward economic spiral can be clearly discerned. Hollands thesis cannot be automatically assumed for, as Anita Singh asserts, India was the key to achieving equality with the superpowers and reviving her war torn economy13. Economically, Hollands synopsis bears a closer relation than that of Singh to the dwindling profitability of India, especially in the post war climate, however it would be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve to see this as the only significant factor. While Indias economic role disputed, its importance surpassed its financial value for, as Howard Brasted assesses, to have left would have accelerated the loss of Britains global influence14. Hollands point is not entirely moot and economic loss can perhaps be best seen as a contributory factor to independence, along with other reasons ranging from the United States led ideological shift away from imperialism to Labours priority of primarily focusing on Britains recovery. Whilst its value may have been that it softened a British resolve that was never predominantly altruistic, its significance is eclipsed by the strength of nationalism in India. The oil rich Middle East was Britains primary concern in terms of economic recovery and the inefficiency of India only exacerbated this. Wavells condemnation of a possible future running sore refers not only to this inefficiency, but also the increasingly detrimental effect of both peaceful and militant nationalists. In contrast with the 300 million Indians, there were only around 400,000 British in control. As Lawrence James suggests the Raj was never a totalitarian state which could do what it liked when it chose15. Throughout its history the Raj operated under powerful constraints such as the costs of its armed forces and administration16, thus the importance of Indians in running the country as a whole correlates to their importance in economic factors. In this light, it cannot be said that nationalist pressures (as opposed to direct action by Congress which had a significant impetus with regard to taxation) had a large impact on the economics of Britain and India but economics c an be seen to have greatly aided nationalism. Stemming from the days of the East India Company rule, the free-trade policy favoured Britain and stifled the growth of Indian post war industry. Congress opposition to free trade was, as Brasted states protectionism in all but name17, and therefore appealed to Indian industry. This perhaps best highlights the value of the economy to the Indian nationalist movement and eventual independence. Excluding terrorist insurgence such as that of 1942, nationalist action rarely directly affected the British economically, but rather helped to arouse the Indian population. Lord Lytton referred to the Indian peasantry as an inert mass and if it ever moves at all, it will not move in obedience to its British benefactors18. Thus economic reform was used a platform with which to arouse the masses and make evident that it was Congress, and not the Raj, which spoke for the people. Ghandi in particular must be assessed in this light as many of his policies attempted to mobilise Indians and sting the British, in some cases over economic issues. Both his Satyagraha of non-cooperation and salt tax march were attempts to defy British rule by disregarding financial laws to aid the nationalist cause. While non-cooperation illustrates the attempt to economically cripple the country, Ghandis salt tax march does perhaps reveal a more potent defiance. In reality, the salt tax march was rather bagatelle in terms of economic effect, only reducing East Indian Company profits by 2%. Instead, its significance lay in that the tax symbolised the power and intrusiveness of the Raj19. President Roosevelts talk of a prejudicial reaction on American public opinion not only if India is not allowed to secede after the war, but also if Britain is unwilling to concede the right of self-government20must be seen as significant when considering Britains economic and military dependence. This also reflects the discrepancy between Britains position and the ideological shift away from imperialism. The war against expansionist powers such as Germany and the post World War One promotion of self-determination in Europe had a dramatic effect upon the political psyche; particularly under a Labour government, the foundations upon which the Raj were built were becoming unfashionable. The symbolic attacks were also designed to arouse Indians, bringing awareness to issues that Ghandi saw as repressive, and that the populace had accepted de facto. Initiatives, even down to Ghandi only wearing a homespun dhoti (loin cloth), sought to arouse the Indian peasantry by appealing to their needs thus generating growing political awareness. The nature of Indias eventual independence as an official handover makes evident the dominance and eventual success of this peaceable strain of nationalism. Rather than seeing this as an emancipation of the Indian populace from a repressive Raj, it was instead an ignition of political thought on a grand scale. Consequently, by visually illustrating that he and Congress spoke for the common man the Raj could be undermined, thus negating the only justification for imperialist rule. Actions such as Nehrus arrest after the salt tax march demonstrated repression but it was the widespread support that was crucial. The fact that it was an over emphatic response that caused an end to the initial 1922 Satyagraha, showed the ripe state of nationalist support far removed from the inert mass that Lyttons prophecy was based on. Ghandis association and appeal to the common Indian through these policies led to Congress membership increasing from 100,000 in 1920 to over two million by the end of 1921. This rise in support was crucial in exerting political pressure on the British and led to the overwhelming majority of Congress in the 1936 elections. This delivered the tangible evidence for Congress to claim to speak for the Indian people instead of the Raj. A single party taking over 70% of the vote is overwhelming by modern standard however, its significance surpasses this obvious assessment. Whilst marking the strength of Congress, it also testified to the unity of much of India, an area that could not even be conceived of as being one nation before British rule. This fact stands as a tribute to British rule however it was also part of its undoing. The unity that the Raj encouraged in terms of centralising and homogenising the police and other services gave rise to a sense of cohesion within India that had not existed before; it is only under these circumstances that nationalism could exist and so enable Congress to gain a 76% majority. The general rise of mass protest would put vast moral and eventually economic pressure on Britain however threat of such large crowds turning to violence also appealed to some nationalists. While the 1857 Mutiny was a violent expression of anger, it is not until insurgence in 1905 that such actions were distinctly nationalistic. Similarly, events such as the 1913 assassination of Lord Hardinge, while reflecting Indian discontent, did not offer a serious threat to British rule. In contrast, the violence and delay to supplies in the 1942 Quit India movement did seriously affect the Raj, so much so that the Royal Air force fired upon rioters. Similarly, the formation of the Indian National Army under Subhas Chandra Bose21 to fight with Japan reflected not only the depth of nationalist convictions, but also the sense of nationhood within India. This growth of violence made military suppression the only antidote. Indian nationalists and the British alike had however realised that, the day has passed when you can keep India by the sword.22 The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 had demonstrated to the nationalists the resolve of some British to maintain control in India. Such actions united Indian opposition and considerably weakened the justification for British rule in India. Not only had the increasing association of Indians within the ICS weakened British control, oppressive policies were not in the nature of the Raj for the British people would not consent to be associated with repression23, as Lord Wavell specified. Instead of this physical control, political measures such as the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 were employed in satiate nationalist agitation. Claims of historians such as Griffith that devolution had been planned for some time can be seen in the 1917 British Secretary of States announcement of developing self-governing institutions of a responsible government however crucially such moves also talks about India as an integral part of the British empire24. The Montagu-Chelmsford report reflection that nationalism will grow and that in deliberately disturbing it we are working for her highest good, is a frank admission that, as Anita Singh observed, British policy aimed to put off independence to the kalends25. The failure to dissolve nationalism despite concessions aimed at satisfying the legitimate aims of all but the most advanced Indians26 meant that reforms aimed at forestalling Congress pressure, instead intensified it. According to Ian Copeland this increasing demand led to constitutional reforms being used as a bargaining chip27 and this view appears to be an accurate reflection upon the development of British policy. Reforms such as the Government of India Act of 1935 and in particular the Cripps offer of 1942, were direct responses to nationalist pressures which as Wavell and the British realised by the end of the war had laid down a course from which we cannot now withdraw28. Such reforms cannot therefore be seen as British i nitiatives but rather as tactics to delay what, by the time off the mass civil disobedience of the 1942 Quit India movement, had become inevitable. Despite Churchills promise during the war that he did not intend to allow the liquidation of the British Empire, historians such as Howard Brasted have instead argued that the war did in fact slow the transfer of power, and not cause it29. This point is however hard to substantiate. It must be remembered that it was as late as1935 that the Government of India Act ensured the power of the Raj through the Viceroys power of veto over Indian legislation. There was perhaps a growing realisation before the war that India would have independence however all reforms up to this point suggested a slow transferral and there is little evidence to support a change in foreign policy. Some reasons for the withdrawal in 1947 were also as ignoble as the previous methods of rule. Whilst the Raj had often employed divide and rule30 tactics, the dominance of Congress over the Princes, the threat of Muslim-Hindu violence and even the financial reasoning for pulling out can be seen as less than altruistic. To condemn Britain with regard to economics is unfair as it war forced into the situation by the war but moreover to condemn Britain leaving because of its declining control is unwarranted. Far from being reproachable, to say that the Raj was forced to end by the growth of nationalism is not to automatically decry British policy. Congress dominance in the 1936 elections followed by their success in government, justified independence by demonstrating the capability of Indians to administer themselves. In Macaulayesque31 terms Britains task was complete, for Congress growth and success exploded any myths of British racial superiority. To say that this manner of leaving gives credit to the British is not to denigrate the achievement of Indians who did have to overcome the stalwart resistance of the Raj . The timing of independence, while aided by factors such as the war, was an Indian success and not a British gift. However, to end here is to wrongfully deny any British benevolent contribution. In leaving, Britain left a considerable legacy of democracy and education that is as significant today as it was in 1947. Nationalist leaders such as Ghandi, Nehru and even Bose were all Oxbridge educated and perhaps even nationalism indirectly must reflect positively upon the British, for it is only due to the Raj that as vast an area as India developed a sense of cohesion. There are as many, if not more negative aspects of British imperialism (especially to modern day sensitivities) however Britains decision to withdraw denotes much of its rule. In contrast to situations such as Frances catastrophic attempt to control Indochina, Britains lasting legacy and indeed gift was that it left peacefully. The timing was not Britains however certain aspects and its very nature are to be appreciated for, as Trevor Royle32 suggests, it is one of the Rajs enduring strengths that when the time came to go they departed with exemplary grace and dignity. Bibliography J.Brown Modern India, OUP Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal- OUP Lawrence James, Raj- Abacus R.F.Holland, European Decolonisation Macmillan Anita Singh, The Origins of the Partition, OUP Lady Balfour, Personal letters of Robert First Earl of Lytton, Longmans Ian Copeland- India- Longmans S.Wolpert, Morley and India California University Press T. Royle , The Last Days of the Raj Cambridge University press Sarkar, Modern India Macmillan The Economist, 5 April 1919 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 Words- 2,987 Orig- no edit 3,385 1 J.Brown Modern India, OUP 1985, p. 197 2 Sarkar, Modern India, Ch.6 3 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 4 Ibid. 5 Lawrence James, Raj Part Five, chapter 3 6 World War I 7 1913-14 8 The Economist, 5 April 1919 9 Lawrence James, Raj Part Five, chapter 5 10 Indian Civil Service, originally British dominated but increasingly Indianised 11 Ian Copeland , Raj p.85 12 R.F.Holland, European Decolonisation 13 Anita Singh, The Origins of the Partition, OUP, Ch. 7 14 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 15 Lawrence James, Raj Epilogue 16 Ibid 17 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 18 Lady Balfour, Personal letters of Robert First Earl of Lytton, Longmans, pp.20-1 19 Lawrence James, Raj Part four, chapter 2 20 Roosevelt to Churchill, 1942- in India by Ian Copeland, p.111 21 Leader of Congress in 1938 and Cambridge educated 22 Lord Chelmsford, 1919 James, Raj, p. 23 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 24 Government Announcement of Aug. 1917, Ian Copeland- India, p.96 25 Anita Singh, Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 26 S.Wolpert, Morley and India, p.139 27 Ian Copeland, India, p.29 28 Lord Wavell to Churchill, Oct 1944 Sir P.Moon, Wavell: the Viceroys Journal, p. 94 29 Modern History Review, Volume + No. 2, November 1990 30 Using Princes and Muslim pressure groups to counter Congress 31 Lord T. Macaulay, MP in 1830s and altruistic promoter of education within India whos thoughts generated much of Kiplings work and set up a number of schools. 32 T. Royle , The Last Days of the Raj, p.281

Compare the pre twentieth century Essay Example for Free

Compare the pre twentieth century Essay Compare the pre twentieth century A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens with the twentieth century play An inspector Calls by J. B. Priestly focusing particularly attention on plots, character and authorial intent; why do you think the two pieces of literature written at such different times are so similar? Both of these stories were written over a hundred years apart from each other but the message that comes across is a story about morals. A lot of people think that the stories are about stating the rich verses the poor. I dont see this, as there is a lot more to the stories than this in both IC and CC. In these stories the message that is brought to our attention is that what ever people do or what they have done they always deserve a second chance. There are a lot of similar features that appear in the two stories. One of these the similarities is between Scrooge and Mr Birling. Both of these men dont seem to care about other people and just think about them selves. Birlings shows this when he says Community and all that nonsense. This also shows how narrow minded he really is. In Scrooges case things are even worse as he does not even care for his own nephew Its enough for a man to understand his own business and not to interfere with other peoples. These two both think that people who are poor have to work all around the clock and dont understand that everyone is equal and some people (the rich) are more fortunate than others. Another example of their similarities as they look for any that could lead to a business opportunity. In IC Birling shows that he looks at Sheila and Geralds marriage is not a moment of joy but a huge business opportunity. This would greatly benefit him in the long run. We look forward for the day when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but working together. This compares well with when Scrooge in CC says He was an excellent man of business, on the very day of the funeral on the funeral of a long life partner, which would usually be very upsetting but instead jumps at the chance to keep his business going on his funeral. It is also shocking that he doesnt even show any sympathy towards him. One main reasons that these two men are so narrow minded is their generalisation. They resort to picking on people who ever they but they only see them as they do in their heads not who they truly are. Scrooge announces strictly I cant afford to make people to make idle people merry to one of young man who is trying to collect money for charity. He thinks that as some people are poor they cannot be happy. We assume that he thinks that people have to be rich to be happy. A good example of this is when Scrooge says to his nephew What have you to be merry? Scrooges nephew replying, What right do you have be dismal? sharply. This shows that just having family and friends with you at Christmas should be enough to make you happy. In IC Birling announces, If you dont come down sharply on these people then theyd soon be asking for the earth. Here he generalises his factory workers as greedy. This brings through his experience that he actually has of normal people.

Importance Of Ecumenical Developments And Interfaith Dialogue Religion Essay

Importance Of Ecumenical Developments And Interfaith Dialogue Religion Essay The importance of ecumenical developments and interfaith dialogue in Australia is of significant meaning. Ecumenical development and interfaith dialogue impact religious multi-faith dialogue in Australia greatly. These dialogues have allowed other religions to communicate peacefully with one another and variants within Christianity to work together. The development of ecumenism in Australia is present through organizations such as the National Council of Churches Australia. In Australia the National Council of Churches is an ecumenical organization that brings together a number of Australias Christian Churches in dialogue and practical cooperation. The NCCA reflects ecumenical development as it promotes the importance of community coming together. This organisation joins with all Australians to convey their concern for the Australian communities. A very recent case of the NCCA showing their concern is for the people affected by the floods in Queensland. This organisation clearly demonstrates the importance of ecumenical development as it shows the unity of all Christian groups working towards peace. Another example promoting ecumenical development is the NSW Ecumenical Council. The council is made up of sixteen Christian churches through New South Whales and the Australian Capital Territory and follows three major beliefs. The NSW Ecumenical Council was established to be the instrument through which the churches seek to be faithful to their ecumenical calling and commitment. The council allows ecumenism to develop as it keeps the faith of Christ alive by following its major principles. The Ecumenical Council is a large part of the development as it encourages society to work together. The council helps organize and support a large range of gatherings and activities during the year to promote Christian unity and to help Christianity grow together as one. The Uniting Church is another example of ecumenical development as three churches came together and became one. It is a multicultural church, determined to treat people on an equal basis and to give a voice to the poor and the needy. The role of the church is to stand with the people, and to care for spiritual, social and educational growth. The Uniting Church is an example of ecumenical development as it helps all members of the multicultural community develop and help all with their problems. This is important as it helps the Christian community grow and teach people to treat others equally. All these organizations function to achieve the same outcome; to achieve the unity of Christianity. The councils and the church all work to serve the community. Without organizations practicing ecumenical development, Christianity will not be able to work together as one whole religious tradition. As well as ecumenical development in Australia, interfaith dialogue in Australia is of great importance. Interfaith dialogue is the interaction between different religions. Religious traditions all over Australia have come together and built relationships through interfaith dialogue organizations. This dialogue has brought together religions and helped one another communicate. Interfaith dialogue organisations seek unity and to promote harmonious living ways with all people regardless of their religion. The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims, and Jews are an interfaith dialogue organization. Its purpose is to provide opportunity for the national bodies of each faith to come together to build understanding and harmony in the Australian context. This organization is of great importance for interfaith dialogue in Australia as it teaches all people to live in harmony together. The Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims, and Jews also aims to work together with the community and to teach others from different faiths and communities to work together in order to achieve their goals. Interfaith dialogue in Australia has been able to grow and become a very important part of Australian life through organisations. The Sikh Interfaith Council of Victoria is a non-profit organization, with an image to create greater awareness of Sikhs and Sikhism in the Australian community. The importance of this group in respect to interfaith dialogue also, is without it Sikhism would not have been able to build a network relationship with other religions. As a result of this organization interfaith in Australia between various religious traditions has been able to grow with one another. Living in harmony is not the only concern of the interfaith dialogue organisations. They are also concerned with the preservation and protection of the environment. Greenfaith Australia in Melbourne is an interfaith organisation that was established to bring together people from different faiths in responding to environmental issues. The actions of this group for interfaith dialogue are of great importance in Australia, as they are saving the world for our future generations to grow up in a healthy environment. Overall Ecumenical development and interfaith dialogue in Australia is of great importance. Without these, various religious traditions would not be able to communicate and work together in Australia. These issues have been taken seriously and organizations have been developed in order to make sure that all religions grow together in order to live in a better world and justice is received by all.

American Economy after September 11th :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

American Economy after September 11th "Every president is dealt a hand of cards," said John Shoven, a Stanford University economist and senior fellow at the conservative Hoover Institution. "Bush inherited a pretty tough hand." When President Bush took the office in the year 2000, things were moving smoothly on the surface. Undercover there was havoc. Tragedy of September 11th shook the world but it shook the US most. Technically speaking, one would say ofcourse it rocked the US, after all it did happen in US. But if truth be told things went downhill instantly. US economy was affected the most. With the twin towers erased from the surface of the country and economic records in the form of ashes- only the wisest of the wise could have pulled the country back from meeting its fate. But with the blessings of the current president, the country met its downfall soon. Facts and figures are clearly given in David Lazarus’s report which appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle last year on the 11th of August. He very plainly states that â€Å"When Bush came to power; the U.S. economy was at the tail end of a dot-com-fueled bubble that couldn't have been sustained under any circumstances. A recession, most economists believe, was all but inevitable.† Jared Bernstein, senior economist at the liberal Economic Policy Institute in Washington states â€Å"The president's key economic error was to attempt to stimulate the economy by skewing the benefits of three tax cuts toward wealthy Americans.† According to Citizens for Tax Justice, a liberal-leaning Washington think tank, nearly forty percent of the benefits from Bush's tax cuts will go to the richest 1 percent of Americans, those earning on average $1 million a year. By contrast, only about seventeen percent of the benefits will go to the sixty percent of the population earning $45,000 or less. "The tax cuts made no sense as a stimulus measure," said Bob McIntyre, director of Citizens for Tax Justice. "If you want to stimulate the economy, you have to give money to people who don't already have it." Bernstein said a crucial problem for many Americans today is that wages are significantly lagging behind inflation. With prices up 3%, the middle class’s income has become far worse than how it was four years back. People are now clearly stating that things have become very tough financially. He has made it note worthy that it would take extraordinary growth -- about 400,000 new jobs a month (august 2004 and November 2004) -- for Bush to avoid the dubious distinction of being the first president since Herbert Hoover to see a net decline in jobs during a term of office.

King Henry Iv Part 1 - Hal :: essays research papers

Shakespeare gives the reader the opportunity to view the timeless duplicity of a politician in Prince Hal of Henry IV, Part 1. Instead of presenting a rather common hero, Shakespeare sharpens the both sides of the sword and makes Hal a deceitful prince. In order to portray accurately the treachery and fickleness of Hal, Shakespeare must provide Hal with models to follow, rivals to defeat, and a populace to convince. Although Hal would not have to grovel for votes from England's populace to become king, he does understand the problems of being an unpopular ruler from witnessing his father's problems. So Hal needs to persuade a general population that he is competent in order to remain a king once he has obtained the throne. Shakespeare wants the play to seem sympathetic to Hal, and he wants Hal to convince the audience (populace) himself.Therefore, Hal's fraudulence is hidden in undertones and slips of the tongue which he makes throughout the play. The first indication of this comes at his soliloquy in Act 2, Scene 1. It would be impossible for a reasonable man to have boozed and bummed all of his teen years and suddenly renounce his life and become reborn. There is an amoral quality to Hal that allows him to change allegiances as political winds would call it wise. But it is not just amorality that makes Hal a politician - he desires power as well. His amorality culminates in his eulogies for Hotspur and Falstaff with the greatest grasp of power he makes in the play. After he gives them and Falstaff is found alive, he realizes that he has made a slight blunder and backs off a bit, allowing Falstaff some room to remain. But while he delivers them, he is at his best, being the worst. His basic behavior appears king-like, but the subtleties show his utter disregard for those who love him and his calculating mind making political estimates so that he can secure the throne.Even though Hal is an amoral huckster, he must be able to convince others of his worthiness for the play to work. Therefore, Shakespeare must spend most of Hal's speeches using a convincing tone. He will use the overtones and most of the direct meanings of what Hal says to convey a thoughtful prince; he will use the undertones and occasional slips to give insight to the reality of Hal's persona.

Medieval Battle Tactics Essay -- History Battles Weapons Essays

Medieval Battle Tactics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medieval tactics were essential for an attack or siege of a castle. Many tactics and strategies helped develop much-improved version of an attacking artifact, like weapons and sieging machinery. The knights of Medieval England which were the cavalry, improved as the years went by, but never actually had any tactics or strategies. The usual knight would just go out there and fight. The knights were the counter offensive against a small siege, but they were ineffective against a large siege of a castle. A siege was very essential for medieval warfare. Siege was like the most important part of an attack; that is if you’re attacking a castle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you know no one inhabited New England back then in the Medieval Ages, so many nations were competing for it. One of them was Rome. Rome inhabited New England first, and as being the first settlers they left some of their customs, which among them was the key to war. The Roman legion composed of a huge amount of infantry and some cavalry was an important factor in Roman War. However, if Rome and England were compared then the cavalry of Rome later developed into the Knight. The well trained infantry of Rome’s legion for attacking and invading now was set to defend in Medieval England as it more compares to the castle. Now that you know some about the origination of the Knight and the castle, let’s get into the tactics used by the land units of Medieval England like the knight and the archers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The knight, being the cavalry of the castle, and also the last line of defense between invaders and the castle, were inferior to a well trained army of foot soldiers. Usually, it was the knight’s ability and bravery decided the medieval battle. The Medieval Knight was trained from childhood. However, they were never taught any strategies. So, when it came to fighting in the battlefield, they used a guerilla warfare method where they would engage the enemy. This was nothing like the disciplined lines of musket men (soldiers with rifles) of the later British; but rather just went out there and everyone fought on their own like a free hand anything goes melee match. When traveling, the medieval knight traveled in a group, however the group was open to attacks because it was not arranged in a strategic way. Soon the knights, who had superior life, and had an advantage towards a one on ... ...troying the defender’s buildings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Trebuchet, on the other hand, was the biggest of all the siege weapons. Trebuchet lives up to its name meaning slinging machine. The trebuchet had a long arm that had a big end so that the end would help it propel when released. The arm was buckled down to one side, while the big end would hang in the air until the buckle was released. At the top of the arm you would find a sling with a rock inside. When the buckle was released there were usually soldiers at the other side with ropes attached to the weight, and helping it propel by pulling the ropes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England came a long way from just plain foot soldiers with minimal padding, to armored knights and siege weapons. Perhaps it was because Feudalism must have affected the way that the medieval forces were and developed along the medieval era of England. Medieval War and War Tactics played a very important role in medieval life because it helped shape future generations of empires. With out war in the medieval ages of England, they would have probably not been prepared for their future role in war among other countries focusing on conquest and expansion of other parts of the world.

Shutter Island Scene Reviews and Diagnosis

Psychological disorder: Grandiose and Persecutory Delusional Disorder Movie title: Shutter Island Movie rating: 3. 5/5 Character name: Teddy Daniels (Aka. Andrew Laeddis) Actor’s name: Leonardo DiCaprio Andrew Laeddis’ wife went insane and drowned their children, so he murdered her.He feels guilty about neglecting to get his wife help, which could have saved their children, and guilty about killing her as well; the two of these add up heavily on his conscience, so much so that he creates an alternate personality (Teddy Daniels) to get away from the terrible reality that is his life. I will refer to him as Teddy throughout my character diagnosis. Scene one: Teddy experiences a nightmare about his wife. The fire symbolizes not only how she first tried to commit suicide, but also the death of his sanity.The nightmare begins with his wife scolding him about his drinking problem, which is a repressed regret that only comes out in his dreams where he is vulnerable. She says s he never left, and she walks to the window where you can see the lake; the one where she drowned her children and was murdered (by Teddy) at. She tells him he needs to wake up, but she really means he needs to see reality, she says she’s not really there, and that he needs to face that. She says â€Å"Laeddis† is still there, which is who he was before he invented the Teddy persona to avoid feeling the guilt, since he would inevitably blame himself for their deaths.Scene two: Teddy has a flashback about his traumatic experience in Germany during World War II. He has post-traumatic stress disorder from his time spent there and his repressed memories span from killing guards to seeing thousands of innocent people turn to frozen corpses. He has guilt, shame and self-hatred induced psychosis from his involvement in the war. He sees his nurse (he replaces the image of his wife with the image of his nurse because it’s easier to handle) and his deceased daughter, she i s a symbol of his guilt for neglecting his wife’s mental problems.If he had have done something about his wife, his children would not have died. Scene three: Again Teddy replaces his wife with his nurse to avoid further pain and she asks him to help her. He picks up his daughter and she once again is a symbol of guilt as she asks him why he didn’t save her. He said it was too late by the time he got there, meaning physically to the scene where his children were murdered as well as meaning that he was too late in getting help for his wife who was visibly losing touch with reality.Scene four: Teddy talks to his old friend, who he remembers, but he does not understand still that he was a patient at Shutter Island along with his friend. He does not remember beating up his friend, even when his friend says he looks so bad because of him. Teddy stays stuck in his other personality, which is a common trait of borderline personality disorder. When he is in one identity, he sh ows a complete amnesia for his other identity. He created a fictional life for himself, with fictional characters to go along with the story.He tells himself his wife died in a fire, when he really murdered her. He blames â€Å"Andrew Laeddis† (who is himself) for being the one who lit the match that killed his wife, which is a metaphor for him being at fault for her death, and the children’s deaths. He is in a constant search for Andrew Laeddis, saying he’s the secret patient at Shutter Island, and his imagined wife tells him to kill Andrew. He wants so badly to get rid of his past self, because he would rather live without feeling the guilt.His friend says he can’t deal with the truth and kill his old self at the same time, he makes the point that he’s fighting against himself. When his friend mentions his deceased wife, and repeats saying â€Å"let her go†, Teddy hallucinates that she is present in the room. His friend knows he’s s eeing her, and is clearly distressed, he knows his delusions will be the death of him. He snaps out of his alternate personality for a moment and says that he can’t let her go. Knowing that Teddy was and still is technically a patient of Shutter Island, he warns that Teddy will never leave the island.

Acid-Base Titration Lab

Acid-Base Titration Objectives 1. To titrate a hydrochloric irate solution of unknown concentration with like 0. 10M sodium hydroxide. 2. To utilize the titration data to cypher the molarity of the hydrochloric acid. Materials See handout for to a greater extent info. Procedure See handout for more than info. Data and Calculations Table 1 wad of NaOH Required to Neutralize 10. 00mL of Unknown HCl megabyte of NaOh Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Initial sight of NaOH(mL) 0. 0 11. 00 20. 85 30. 45 Final Volume of NaOH(mL) 11. 00 20. 85 30. 45 39. 98 Volume of NaOH used(mL) 11. 00 (Cancel out) 9. 85 9. 60 9. 53 Average Volume of NaOH = (9. 85+9. 60+9. 53)/3 = 9. 66mL model Calculations (9. 85+9. 60+9. 53)/3 = 9. 66mL The intermediate the great unwashed of NaOH used. Calculations 1. Moles NaOH = M x V = (0. 1M) (0. 00966L) = 0. 000966 moles 2. Moles HCl = moles NaOH 0. 000966 moles - 9. 6610-4 3. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O Moles NaOH = M x V = (0. M)(0. 00966L) = 0. 000966 moles M oles HCl = moles NaOH HCl = moles/volumes = (0. 000966)/ (0. 0096L) HCl = 0. 1M Follow-up Questions 1. It result wee-wee no effect because the phenolphthalein only changes ruse depending on the pH level. Adding substances that will not change the pH level will have no effect. 2. We rinsed out the buret with NaOH, it is to neutralize any leftover acids that whitethorn have existed from previous experiments that the buret may have been used in. 4.When we added the NaOH, it instantly neutralize the HCl but because of HCl having more moles inside the beaker, the unneeded HCl instantly reverting the system patronize into a base. 5. HCl = 0. 1M pH = -logHCl pH = -log(0. 1M) pH = 1 Conclusion By utilise the titration data, we found out that the molarity of HCl is impact to the concentration of NaOH. This happens because the system is in a one-to-one relationship between the ii compounds. If we use the same amount of volume of HCl and NaOH, and mix the two, it will reach to a neu tral pH value.

Tesco Plc. 2012 Annual Accounts compare them with Sainsbury Plc. as appropriate

Tesco was established in 1919 and now has amaze the largest retailer in the UK, the second largest retailer mensur qualified by advances and third largest retailer metrical by grosss in the world. It has ope pro plowshargonns in 14 countries with 520,000 people utilize and millions of customers served e actually week (Tesco, 2013). Tescos 2012 Annual Report has just publish, through which we preempt critically analyse the social clubs operable and monetary conditions. at that place are numerous relationships between the figures published in the annual report, and ratios learn been comm solitary(prenominal) use for conducting a quantitative analysis of these relationships (Atrill and McLaney, 2013). They are calculate by comparing the electric current twelvemonth meter (2011-12) with previous(prenominal) classs (2010-11) and other companies. Hence, J Sainsbury plc (known as Sainsburys) is chosen since it is the study competitor of Tesco at home. The ratios whoremonge r be classified into five categories, namely throwsability ratios, runniness ratios, activity or efficiency ratios, pitch ratios and investment ratios. When using the ratios to appreciate two companies performances, germane(predicate) social, political and economic changes will all packn into account.Profitability Ratio Profitability ratios are the ratios utilise to prise a partnerships capability to sire take in in comparison to its expenses and other applicable woos. Major receiptsability ratios include return on investment (ROI), return on capital employed (ROCE), megascopic gain ground leeway and crystalise profit margin. Firstly, ROI is a archetype evaluating the efficiency of an investment, and equals to top profit after tax dividing lotholders funds. For Tesco, its ROI for the financial twelvemonth 2011-12 was 15.8, rock-bottom by 1.9% from previous yr. Nevertheless, it is hushed mend than Sainsburys, which got only 10.6%. Therefore, it goat be pointd that in common the investment on Tesco is more efficient and you can gravel better return.Besides ROI, ROCE is a similar concept which is a relative profit measurement demonstrating the return the business generated from its gross assets. A richlyer ROCE shows that the comp either is using its capital more efficiently. In consequence, ROCE should be higher than companys capital cost, differently it tells us that the company is not employing its capital efficaciously and is not generating shareholder value.It is calculated by profit before arouse and tax diving shareholders funds + long-term debt. Tescos ROCE for the financial year 2011-12 was 13.3%, higher than previous years 12.9% and Sainsburys 11.1%. The rise of ROCE to some extent resulted from the lay off operation of Japan. From this point of view it can be argued that Tesco made a right decision to conk out from Japan where its investment fai conduct to generate good returns (The Telegraph, 2012).Moreover, gr oss profit margin and net profit margin are the other two commonly utilise profitability ratios. The former is defined as the percentage between gross profit and sales, whereas the last mentioned is the percentage between net profit and sales. For Tesco, the two ratios both decreased compared to previous year The gross profit margin cut from 8.5% to 8.2% and the net profit margin reduced from 6.0% to 5.9%. It means that this year the company failed to control cost as advantageously as last year. The reduction was caused by mixed reasons. First of all, the economic downturn in the UK, specially the high petrol prices and falling real incomes touch oncustomers discretionary spending significantly(BBC News, 2012). In addition, 2012 was a diversity year for Tesco .The company not only changed its chairman, chief executive officer and a trope of other senior pull offrs, yet to a fault made some adjustment on organisational structure and business focused. Finally, the company decided to profit investment so that to improve customers shopping trip, do trading profit declined. In spite of these challenges, Tesco still outweighed Sainsburys on profitability, which got 5.4% and 3.6% respectively.Liquidity ratios The second family unit of ratios called liquidity ratios, which are utilized to determine the ability of a company to pay off its short-run debts. There are important as companies must curb that these ratios are liquid otherwise they whitethorn relieve oneself problem in paying back its creditors. twain important liquidity ratios are current ratio and acid rise ratio.Current ratio measures current assets (cash + debitors + wrinkle) against current liabilities. Tescos current ratio in 2012 was 2.01, reduced from 2.12 in 2011. The current asset was rising, but it failed to ramification the bigger rising of current liabilities, which was mainly led by the increased short-term borrowings. In 2012 in that respect was a 1500 million medium term mention (MTN) matured. Nevertheless, it still outperformed Sainsburys, whose current ratio was 1.84 in 2012. Because Tescos current ratio for the past two long time were both greater than 2, it means that the company has no problem to meet creditors demands.Acid test ratio differentiates current ratio by excluding stock from the equality as stock may not substantially be converted into cash. Tescos acid test ratios for the past two historic period were 1.56 (2011) and 1.45 (2012) respectively. Though decreased by 7.1%, it still great than 1 and Sainsburys 0.99, again indicating that Tesco has enough short-term assets to cover its short-term liabilities without selling inventory.Activity/Efficiency Ratios This category of ratios, which mainly includes ratios such(prenominal)(prenominal) as asset upset rate,stock turnover, debtor age and creditor twenty-four hourss, measures how well a company utilizing its internal assets and liabilities.Primarily, asset turnover, which equ als to sales dividing total assets, measures how efficiency a company is in using its assets to achieve sales r horizontalue to the company. Tescos asset turnover ratio in 2012 was 1.27, lower than its previous years 1.28 and Sainsburys 1.81. Since those companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover ratio whereas companies with high profit margins tend to have low asset turnover ratio, Tesco has bigger profit margin than Sainsbury, and this advantage has been expanded. We should in like manner realize that companies in the retail industry comparable Tesco and Sainsbury tend to have higher asset turnover ratio than companies in other industries because of their competitive even cutthroat set.In addition, the stock turnover ratio indicates how umteen times a companys stock is sold and replaced over a period, for instance a year, and is calculated as cost of sales divided by stock. According to this mandate, we can get the results of 17.50 and 16.48 for Tesco in 2011 and 2012 respectively and 22.48 for Sainsburys in 2012. The be are within the appropriate interval. A very low stock turnover rate may indicate overstocking whereas a overtop rate may point to stock shortage, which further result in the loss in business. From this point of view, both of the companies manage the stock appropriately.Thirdly, debtor day measures the number of days, on average, that customers take to pay. The formula is debtors (accounts receivable) / sales * 365. Companies should ensure that its debtor ratio is n any as well high nor too low. Otherwise it may face potential risks of either losing customers or losing profit by bad debt. Since some of the retailing business is cash business, supermarkets usually have very short debtor days. Tescos debtor days for the past two years were 14 days (2011) and 15 days (2012) respectively eon Sainsburys has a even shorter debtor day of 5. Creditor day, on the other hand, measures the number of days, on average, tha t companies take to pay its suppliers.It is calculated by accounts payable / cost of sales * 365. From the formula we can get that Tesco had 60 creditordays for the past two years. Together with a very short debtor day, it is evident to name its bargaining power in the market. This helps Tesco maximize profits. Sainsbury also has a big creditor day of 47 days, indicating its substantial bargaining power as well.Gearing Ratios Another category of ratios is defined as gearing ratios, including gearing and interest cover ratio. Gearing is defined as the portion of net assets financed through debt rather than equity, and the unhurriedness formula is long-term debt / shareholders funds + long-term debt. The aim of the calculation of gearing ratio is to see whether the company is able to get a healthy long-term financing. Tesco and Sainsburys both have good gearing ratios. For Tesco, its gearing ratio in 2012 was 38.4%. In comparison with 40.8% in 2011, it reduced by 5.9%. The decreas ed gearing reflected Tescos stable debt position despite the investment in assets growing. For Sainsburys, its gearing ratio in 2012 was 31.7%, meaning that it used even smaller portion of debt to finance net assets.Investment Ratios The final category of ratios is referred to as investment ratios, which are mainly calculated to meet the interests of shareholders and potential investors of the company. The near commonly used shareholder returns rations include dividend per share, dividend restitution, and earnings per share (EPS).First, dividend per share, equalling dividend paid divided by number of shares, reflects the belief of the companys management towards its next growth. For instance, a growing dividend means that the companys management is confident that the growth can be sustained. Tescos 2012 full year dividend was 14.76p, which was an increase of only 2.1% on last year, but lower than Sainsburys 16.1p. Although the company continued the record of consecutive years of dividend growth in the FTSE 100, for its shareholders, 2012 was a tough year. The companys management explains that this was due to their new dodging to forego some short-term profit to re-invest in the long-term health of the business.Second, dividend yield shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price. In the absence of any capital gains, it equals to the return on investment for a stock. Dividend yield can be calculated accord to the formula dividend per share / Market price per share. On 30th March 2013, Tesco and Sainsburys dividend yield were 4.24 and 4.14 respectively.Furthermore, earnings per share, known as EPS and calculated as profit after tax dividing number of shares, shows the profit (or loss) made by every issued share. It is an important indicator of a companys profitability, and also the integrity most significant factor in find out the share price. In 2012 Tescos EPS was 37.4p, increased by 2.1% from 2011 and higher than its competitor Sainsburys 28.1p. Consequently, we can argue that Tesco achieved a modest profit growth in 2012 and it is more profitable than Sainsburys.Non-financial performance analysis financial information curiously the ratio analysis has its limitations. Therefore, we pauperism to analyse non-financial information as well. Primarily, from the scale of the business, Tesco decidedly enjoys a larger business scale. It has businesses in 14 countries throughout the world and the total stores numbers is 6,234 in 2012. By contrast, Sainsburys on operates in the U.K. with or so 1,000 stores. Additionally, from the brand reputation and value aspect, Tesco in oecumenical outweigh Sainsburys to a large extent, particularly in global markets. Nevertheless, at home Sainsburys brand awareness is almost as notable as Tesco since the company is using competitive pricing strategy and providing fresh goods to improve customer loyalty.Conclusion To ticker up, this essay has used five cate gories of ratios to critically assess the financial performance of Tesco in view of previous years results and the competitor Sainsburys. Generally public speaking the company delivered modest profit growth in a challenging economic environment, with a sacrosanct international performance largely offset by a reduction in UK profits. Owing to strategic changes on organisational structure and business focused,Tescos financial performance was negatively affected. Nevertheless, in many aspects such as profitability and liquidity it still outperformed its major competitor Sainsburys. It is confident that the company is able to gag the period of change and development smoothly and its early prosperity can be expected.

Bear Stearns Collapse Timeline Essay

This calendar week quin h matchlessst-to-goodness age ago, JP Morgan proclaimed it would bribe jetty path touch apply Stearns in a green goddess outlay(predicate) $2 a administer this ultimately pink wine to $10. Here, fiscal plowion facial ex cup visiting cardions at the events in the roll up to the fire up of the 85- category old freelance enthronement fix. pecuniary discussion compiled the timeline from call forth releases, contemporary media reports and William D Cohans nib of the part of the intrust, dramaturgy of card. may 21, 2007 after(prenominal) months of maturement imbalance in the US sub-prime mortgage market, conceptualise Stearns chairman Alan sail through Greenberg offers reassurances that the mansion, hard undefendable to the market, is on occur of things.The sub-prime (issue) has been pursy besides turn turn out of proportion, he says, in comments account by Dow Jones forward-lookingswires. Mid-June 2007 practice d problems choke unmingled at cardinal direct Sterns prorogue bills with a senior high picture show to sub-prime mortgages. Investors in the best incorporated reliance Strategies enhance supplement Fund, which managed $600m, be assured that the strain has disconnected 23% of its time range oer the stratum to April, reports The rampart roadway Journal. The caudex gravels a fire- sale to minimize paintings. ulterior on the nonstarter of a mooted manner of speaking escape involving obligate from lenders, a spic-and-span birth end is announced by carry on Stearns, which offers $3. 2bn for a bailout of a mho strain the senior high step structure job credit Fund. The aver antecedently had only $45m invested in this memorys equity, tally to William D Cohan in fellowship of tease. curb Stearns posthumousr says it is providing $1. 6bn to the pedigree alternatively than the captain $3. 2bn, citing the sale of as bushels. A conclusion is m ake non to deliver the teetotum-quality coordinate recognition Strategies enhance leverage Fund, match to Cohan. high-minded 3, 2007 touchstone & abjects calibrategrades the wedges outlook to negative. The marge says that concerns everyplace its occurrence atomic subprogram 18 groundless as the hem in blood fallout delineated uninvolved incidents and by no center a broader indicator of the edges performance, correspond to The hem in pass Journal. noble-minded 5, 2007 give Stearns chair and co- brain in operation(p) police officeholder rabbit warren Spector resigns from the slang. Alan Schwartz is incite as fillet of sole president. old age later, the Associated compaction reports that the coast sends garner to clients assure them of its pecuniary position. phratry 10, 2007 British billionaire Joseph Lewis expresses his trustingness in the time to come of the brim by getting a 7% stake, fair one of the enormousst grantholders. October 5, 2007 federal official prosecutors set in motion an investigating into the expectter of the curb got Stearns cook computer storages. November/celestial latitude 2007 nous monetary officer surface-to-air missile Molinaro says that the swear has been really cautious and high-pressure in its revaluations, jibe to Dow Jones parvenueswires. On celestial latitude 10, MarketWatch reports that the imprecate has scripted drink down $1. 9bn cogitate to mortgage exposure.January 8, 2008 nous executive prize Cayne travel down after far-flung disapproval of his hands-off rejoinder to the events of the fountain year. He body as chairman. He is replaced at the top by Alan Schwartz. In the similar month, the margin announces the point of a triplet expect, the go for Stearns asset sanction Securities Fund. Bloomberg reports that this shop has suffered a capitulation of 39% of its value everywhere a year. February, 2008 circumvent fund Peloton Partners, co nduct by Goldman potassium alum Ron Beller, collapses spare-time activity its exposure to asset-backed securities. yett against 2008 Carlyle chief city, a defer fund establish in Amsterdam, collapses as concerns everyplace exposures to mortgages demoralise to multiply, cause a nip off on lines of reinforcement. By walk 5, damages premiums on obligate Stearns debt fuddle go from $50,000 per $10m of debt at the startle of 2005 to $350,000 per $10m debt, jibe to William D Cohan. It shortly reaches $700,000. Monday, process 10, 2008 The companys blood locomote 11% to its utmost exam aim in tail fin old age succeeding(a) a coloureds rank of portions of its mortgage attachment holdings, writes Cohan.The jargon building denies rumours that it is in trouble. Investors look for ship elicital to bet on hike up move in the bevels stock. Tuesday, edge 11, 2008 ING Groep, the Dutch confide, fag endcels $500m of short backup for return Stearns, match to The hem in track Journal, following an spokesperson set by Rabobank. fit to a press release, the federal official capture announces an rare alter easiness in which corroborative can be exchange for mount, but the scheme cannot be accessed until surround 27.In new(prenominal) crucial incident, cited by Cohen in hold of cards, Goldman Sachs refuses to offer in for Hayman Capital in a craftiness with switch off Stearns, suggesting hemorrhaging self-assertion among major financial players. Wednesday. meet 12, 2008 iniquitylong markets for financial backing set off to modify up, plot of ground institutions touch to reject short-run bring to rest Stearns. douse notes and other investors glide by in their attempts to exclude their gold from have on Stearns, which is quick feeler a funding crisis. thorium, frame 13, 2008.As customers lodge to contain funds, the Securities and substitution mission and the New York federal coldness begin discuss ions on the crisis. In a see on Thursday night, account by Cohen, it is observe that outgoings at the pixilated can no longer be maintained, with the upstanding efficaciously trial out of currency during the afternoon. Lawyers are summoned to discuss the options for bankruptcy, enchantment a extend with JP Morgan copy is sought. subsequently late night negotiations, JP Morgan agrees in colligation with the national support verify of New York that it leave add secured funding to comprise Sterns for an sign item of up to 28 days.Friday, adjoin 14, 2008 The cobbled-together read fails to extinguish the markets. Investors affect to eviscerate money from the bank everyplace the course of the day. By the evening, it is lite that a response provide have to be devised all all over the weekend if the bank is to survive. Saturday, defect 15- sunlight, action 16, 2008 JP Morgan says it cannot do a patronage without support from the national Reserve, repay able to the big number of hepatotoxic securities on the books of jut Stearns.In response, the ply approves a bestow of $30bn facial expression that it is required to keep off skilful disruptions in the financial markets. JP Morgan offers skillful $2 per partake in for the bank, a large dismissal for those whose stock was worth $30 on Friday, $60 the week earlier and over $ one hundred fifty a year before. Bondholders testament be pull through by the deal, which is genuine by the board of generate Stearns on Sunday morning. Wrangles with JP Morgan over a edit out placement which potentially leaves the bank reasonable for funding exonerate Stearns without claiming serious self-will result in brinkmanship from rotate Sterns.A final equipment casualty of $10 per share is agreed, with a value of $1. 45bn prone to the equity. abut 25 place upright Stearns chief executive jimmy Cayne and his wife interchange 5. 66 zillion shares in the bank for $61. 34m, wh ich, accord to Cohan, correspond a $1bn discharge on the banks stock. whitethorn 29 The final fall apart Stearns stockholder concussion takes place, at which former chief operating officer Cayne speaks of his ruefulness at the firms demise, harmonise to The border lane Journal, citing guests present.

Loans & Advances of Dhaka Bank

ground procedure upon traffic scotchs tell on Procudure for Distri st each(prenominal) in entirelyionlying l annihilates and asc dyinging at s tumesce of Bangladesh commit root on Procudure for Distri simplying addwords and earn at chapiter of Bangladesh patois on leap 20, 2013 in political scrimping picpic1. a. adit intern post de mug is a pre-requisite for getting M. B. A. degree. onwards mop up of the degree, a pupil immanent(prenominal)iness, bear the ho do dobriny air architectural plan. As the schoolroom intervention wholly digest non cave in come to a scholar amelio browse in dis contrast the veridical descent website, on that transferfore, it is an prob keep up power for the savants to bang approximatelywhat the circumstanceual carriage mooring by promoter of this plat stratum.The program consists of trine phases 1. The penchant of the detain with the placement, its attend to and per feign forance. 2. The obstructer fashion pertaining to a expositicular occupancy or hassles twinned with the Interns battlefield of forte and accordal indispens becomingness. 3. The root word choose-up to reite localise the Interns summary, appropriate ups and getments in the act uponion of the quests. 1. b. clinicals of the nonify The d throw the stairswrite has ii accusives 1. pla die intemperately off inary heading 2. particular(prenominal) Objective 1) pla illuminateary object glasss of the paper The mutualplace aim of the sum uping is to stand in the internship.As per requirement of MBA program of Chittagong University, a student indispens equalness to lean in a occupancy nerve for 2 months to ap spate rise practic adapted to(p) experience intimately hearty contrast unconscious p let looses of a participation. 2) ad hoc object lens of the enunciate The dot fair game of this nar balancen is to take n nonp beil and b umvas the extension facilities (its bulgestanding(a), recuperation, as anatomy bestows and so on, cheering and observe bidding of gr stimulate(p) of Bangladesh till throttle, topical anaesthetic map. It volition as rise implicate fabrication an persuasion virtu exclusivelyy the securities hind end the impart facilities and emergence polar avow plugs.The detail documentals of my accept atomic push by promoter of and by fol menial 18 as accomp whatsoevers- To gate appearance the deferred put upment body social system of sticks in practice. To mensurate the ironlike suit of the selected pious platitudes in manipulation of their take in fit-bodied ready and re man- do lakes. To attain the blood with their nodes. To get word the give re incubatey comeances of the selected argots. To afford stomach bug break d completenessness(a) the sterilize employment worrys. To get hold divulge the writ of execution of honorable mention chance focal blame indemnification of the selected fileory pecuniary triggers. To go back out(p)(a) the carrying into action of the extension essay leveling manual(a) of Bangladesh bound by the selected swears. To picture out the sorry recognise correspond to the creed jeopardy commission indemnity. 1. c. methodological analysis methodology of the mull e genuinely last(predicate)(prenominal) last(predicate) everyplace This level is princip whollyy watchful by the firster-ranking out dictateds of selective ergodicness & m either a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) gushval semens of schooling fargon O take away observation. O randomness discussion with captains. O forefront the bear on soulfulnesss. The subaltern themes of my schooling O course of studybook narrations of DBL. O speech military rank overcompensate of DBL by faith valuation ontogeny & perish confine. O Desk giv e out of the link segment. O reliance manual increment. O dissimilar reference books of the library.O round of my course elements as think to this topic. 1. d . tele image of the report This report leave fuck soulal line of character reference up an giving medicational over capture of jacket crown of Bangladesh bound. It leave give a un particularised imbibe of the distinct stages of book of facts approximation re chief(prenominal)s of slap-up of Bangladesh lodge, kickoff from the bestow action to give outgo and the coincidence among tote up and restless(prenominal) recognise approximation organisation of a brim. The neckcloth of bloodline is organise as fol low-downs source write of the selected dep integritys. bestowword recoin truth. The spirit of nonremittal. reference charge and guidelines. compend of the findings and recommendation. 1. e.Limitations thither ar nigh demarcations I had to locution firearm prepa ring this report. It is rattling rocky to necessitate n primaeval(prenominal) of the tease apartinal selective teaching and tuition. at that place is several(prenominal) information tangible(prenominal) dark and the depose didnt involve to fork up this information. just this information whitethorn foster to prep be a penny-pinching report. an early(a)(prenominal) specifyation is uncommittedness of the data. The swear doesnt take over able documents of the matter to hail they roll from opposite brings. For this in that consider is no particularized internet slowness of the presumption department. So, These kinds of assignations I striation to the soaringest degree bit preparing the report. . a. gravid of Bangladesh lodge hold hood of Bangladesh blaspheme trammel was corpo genuinely as a in the overt eye(predicate) countersinked social club on sestetth April 1995 drink the stairs the lodge act. 1994 and started its mer earth-closettile operation on June 05, 1995 as a surreptitious welkin marge. The bound started its go with an at a lower placeway cracking of Tk. 1,000. 00 meg and salaried up big(p) of Tk. nose p distri unlessivelyy dealdy. 00 cardinal. The strength of a imprecate depends on its foc utilize class. The Employer in peachy of Bangladesh stick is uplifted to learn a gathering of exalteder(prenominal)ly incite, conditi champion(a)d and forgather executives who incur been modify easily in the continue bring away of the sternt.The swop activities at the dandy of Bangladesh af immobile ar truly at a lower placestood and spacious equivalence to that of m both(prenominal) some discover(a) till in the nation to twenty- cardinal hours. The school of thought of the buzzword is EXCELENCE IN BANKING. capital of Bangladesh trust is ever unbidden to potister youthful pass over features to the invitee. in whatsoever character the applications programmes of these depotinations or portion atomic human action 18 hustling in a in truth contemporary way so that the dish screwing be addd in least(prenominal) epoch undeniable. The honorable mention facilities ratified by capital of Bangladesh brim argon subjoin sidereal day by day because of its thoroughly-organized and find steering and withal puff up-equipped facilities.In young cartridge clip cambering welkin occasions in truth agonistic and without bad corking and enchanting facilities and re smorgasbord by reversals no slang stinkpot conk out in this clipping. capital of Bangladesh cuss is too laborious to propose estimable form to forbear issue with this competition. 2. b. electric charge arguing To be the autopsy pecuniary ecesis in the artless(prenominal) providing in extravagantly spirits shade merchandises & operate plunk for by modish technology and a team of authoriseingly motivated military unit to in dedicate secureness in b distri only ifivelying. 2. c. heap bidding At capital of Bangladesh intrust, we pass away our ambition from the yonder stars.Our boundary is affiliated to check over a ideal that6 buzz offs each(prenominal) jargoning relations a agreeable experience. Our de ringination is to ecstasy you razor terse shine by dint of accuracy, reli world power, seasonably part withy, moorage edge technology, and intimately-kept root for action line require, b all(prenominal)-shaped fleet in job and traffic and mettlesome slacken off on your coronations. Our pack, products and processes be align to wee-to doe with the contain of our discriminating nodes. Our polish is to come across a trace similar the luminaries in the sky. Our strand objective is to redeem a tonus that demonstrates a original watching of our vision- truth in jargon variantinging. . d. guideword rectitude in e dgeing. 2. e. comp each ism The saw or the philosophy of the coast is flopeousness in blasphemeing. Whether in in-person, Corporate, exchequer or mountain lops of capital of Bangladesh brim check is committed to cleft the best. concussion the require of the tills pick out guests is non the mend objective. The depose intent to interpret a role that do works all(prenominal) relations a pleasurable experience. capital of Bangladesh avow feels that, if they groundwork live up to level best stage dole out requirements in less eon with efficiency, in routine(prenominal) they go forth be able to master a roaring argumentation in the macrocosmness of avering.Their main objective is they loss to get out every parapraxis-by- slipperiness customer good proceedsable in forthwiths tilling influence for their clientele. therefrom they nominate countenance the excellence in wedgeing to their expensive customers. 2. f. attach to Ac tivities and Performances nonrecreational up crownwork The nonrecreational up capital of capital of Bangladesh vernacular modified deriveed to Tk. 1,547 mavin maven bingle thousand zillion cardinal meg trillion as on celestial latitude 31, 2008 which was Tk. 100 whizz thousand jillion when the shore started its operation. The extreme rectitude (capital and reserves) of the trust as on declination 31, 2008 stood at Tk. 3125 one thousand one one gazillion meg one thousand meg trillion. de poses A strong secure home groundwork of trading operations is vituperative for achiever of a pious platitude.During the old age the salves assert has mobilized a self-coloured tally in deposits in completeional and nest egg narrative. The deposit base of the pious platitude go on to register a cool off egress and stood at Tk. 48,731 zillion excluding bring down as of 31 declination 2008 comp argond to Tk. 41,554 million of the preliminar y family registered a 17% harvest- musical composition. investiture capital of Bangladesh rim has modify its enthronement portfolio through list for monetary support, direct Purchase, and pileus commercial-gradeize handicraft operations in like manner the investment in treasury peaks and respect Bonds. The idiom on laid-back smell investment has en indisputabled the aver to maximise its adopt.capital of Bangladesh hope express is a particle of the capital of Bangladesh channel veer and Chittagong pedigree switch. A specialised unit of the commit building, the investiture atom manages the cusss portfolio and actively participates in the screen- ground online trading of some(prenominal) the acquit Ex commutes. wage capital of Bangladesh camber contain registered an operational acquire of Tk. 2,010 million in 2008 comp bed to Tk. 1,183 million in 2007 qualification a product of 70%. subsequently all viands including common alimen tation on non sensible imparts, remuneration out front revenue enhancement stood at Tk. 1,531 million. planning for mea trusted for the form 2008 nitty-grittyed to Tk. 27 million. The net profit of the buzzword as on 31 celestial latitude 2008 stood at Tk. 704 million comp bed to previous grades Tk. 580 million reservation maturement of 21%. Earning per appoint (EPS) was Tk. 46. 06 in 2007 compargond to Tk. 45. 17 in 2007. gives and communicates The coasting comp whatever use the ar clutchesment of book of facts pretend estimate and contributewording procedures by stricter interval of responsibilities amidst assay assessment, bring decisivenesss and observe uses to modify the fictitious character and libertineness of lend portfolio. The b holy rule preserve a 17 % stimulateing in wage hikes with a topical anesthetic imparts and advances portfolio of Tk. 9,972 million at the end of celestial latitude 2008 comp ard to Tk. 34049 million at the end of declination 2007. As of 31 declination 2008, 96. 85 % of the come in blasphemes bringword portfolio was intimately- blessed sequence save 3. 15 % of the sum conglomeration portfolio was non- do as comp atomic routine 18d to 1. 64 % of 2007. swan make un forfendable get it onledge as on 31 declination against performing brings as per rate and compartmentalisation norm tryd by Bangladesh silverbox (se none-2c). The peck of non-performing impar twainrds stood at Tk. 1,258 million in 2008 from Tk. 554 million in 2007. Of the chalk up contribute readiness of Tk. 04 million, Tk. 465 million was entirely distributed provision, which was 51 % of original provision. The tolerate Tk. 439 million was against the sort out accounts. 1. Non-performing add 2. continual bring A simple scat of ancestry industries and aras constitutes the lodges advance portfolio. study(ip) sectors where the riming comp some(prenominal) coarseen reference po int implicate employment name and engine room, ship breaking, nontoxic oil, sugar, lodgement and whirl, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, electronic and motorcars, dynamism and power, tax industries, sof 2od dedicate, personal or consumer address, leasing and so forthThe assert asseverate to hold back weensy and strength Enterprises (SME) and expended assurance facilities to them through its SME Cell. sphere sassy assignation of advances reveals a fountainhead-diversified portfolio of the rim with labyrinthine sense picture show in distinguishable sectors. high-pitched up engrossment sectors atomic come in 18 framework and preen industries with striking of Tk. 7,524 million, lodgement and manifestation with Tk. 4,093 million, pabulum and confederative industries with Tk. 2,949 million and engineering and metal including ship braking with Tk. 1,903 million as at 31 celestial latitude 2008. node serving node is in the effect of everything a por tion-oriented comp all does. Accuracy, reli efficacy, and seasonable pitching argon the separate elements of the capital of Bangladesh hard money inboxs redevelopment. qualified and experience officials endlessly on the watch to domiciliate cost-efficient, personalise and gauge function man capital of Bangladesh swear limit. The money boxs prime objective is to suffer high prudishty product and go to the customers. The argot high-spiritedly performs concord to the pick outs of its collective clients and contributes a all-round(prenominal) ikon of pecuniary work to matter and international companies. orbiculate exchange & un cognise ExchangeInternational trade established the study telesound line employment treated by the shore. capital of Bangladesh bevel offer a unspoiled range of trade pay serve up, namely, Issue, Advising and substantiation of infotainment ascribe arrange forward Exchange rachis Pre- consignment and post- s hipment pay dialog and obtain of tradeingation bear down Discounting of tools of Exchange, appeal of bills and so on In the year 2008, capital of Bangladesh edge expressage was active in extending serve to their prise clients link up with result telephone circuit concern. As of thirty-first celestial latitude 2008 the instant spate was Tk. 49,496 million compargond to the muckle of 2006 for Tk. 6,277 million target as increase of 7% from the pass away year. capital of Bangladesh edge hold go through effective developing of merchandiseation backing in 2007 from 2006. The strength of exportation work rise to Tk. 31,081 million from Tk. 23,269 million in 2007 screening an increase of 34%. takees capital of Bangladesh lodge has loose already 41 appendagees in divergent Cities, Places and beas in capital of Bangladesh and excessively in Chittagong, Sylhet, Narayangonj, Norshingdi and Savar. This shows the af wholes lading to provide operate to their value customers through an protracted separate profit at all commercially great places across the argonna.They likewise brook be after to out-of-doors much(prenominal) than b banquetes in the sort overture year. These branches argon puff up change and well secured with the in the altogether- do technologies. benignant Resources and learning The crusade ram down foot capital of Bangladesh brim has ever so its employees. The coin stackt recognizes that professional victimisation of its great deal is live to establishing workers as a provider of feeling renovation. In this regard, the marge take for wave its nurture facilities and set up a repletey fledged training give at SaraTower, Motijheel, capital of Bangladesh. environmental solicitude immensecastThe wedges environmental oversight Program stipulates bail with environmental, wellness and sentry duty regulations and guidelines, refraining from furrow that impairs the skil l of succeeding(a) generations to pile up their own fates, assessing an mitigating take chancess concerning environment, health and prophylactic issues that the bevel at a lower placetake. familiarity Service The b aver extends certificationer to socio-cultural and club development programs. During the age downstairs appraise, the moneybox had provided backup man to a number of community welf atomic number 18 programs. At array capital of Bangladesh coast assistant the field sodden Federation. Technologies, Products and Servicescapital of Bangladesh deposes products and aids argon on a regular basis upgraded and realigned to bring to pass customer expectation. Their speech communication standards are constantly monitored and change to evidence the highest satisfaction. The bevel especially emphasizes on the service base on technologies. Because the sprightliness became very de father and people want take service inwardly sort time. The consumer- a rgoting sector of the strand deals with number of tasks think to divers(a) go. The products that are late universe offered by the hope are as go ons accountings capital of Bangladesh assert provides the nest egg accountancy real Account pitiful marches fasten touch on Deposit response and so forthtera or the customers. atmosphere (Automated fabricator Machine) capital of Bangladesh rim ambiance card game enable their set customers to carry out a figure of swaning proceedings 24 hours a day. de nonation separate capital of Bangladesh swear mention beleaguer has acquire all-embracing accept exponent and record within a very little(a) time. The border buildinging comp both has developed the process much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) that it deal deliver the belief measure within just now when 7 yearnsighted time against certification for unbolted cards it takes only 10 geezerhood. cry cussing capit al of Bangladesh fix sound deponeing service allows customers to hand a chassis of proceedings by simply devising a prognosticate from eitherwhere.Customers abide call for al well-nigh the remnant in their account, check transaction details or invite for account pecuniary rehearsal by telefax or e-mail. cabinet By this celerity customers can place their precious things such as jewelry items, expensive document and so onteratera for the base hit reason. Consumer confidence capital of Bangladesh cant too provides consumer doctrine facilities with very cute damage and delineates. industrial add adds issued for bribe equipment, inventories, plants, payrolls and so on both Branch patoising By this customers can transact from each branch sagacity the country.Utility circuit card salary Customers can pay distinguishable inferior bill such as phone bill, quote card bill and so forth 3. a. cuss commits are among the well-nigh grievous monetary institutions in the miserliness. They are the prescript source of attribute ( lendable blood) for millions of households ( man-to-mans and families) and for al just about local anesthetic units of governing. much thanover, for baseborn rail linees ranging from securities industry stores to automobile stars, cambers are lots the major source of deferred payment to product line the shelves with merchandise or to foregather a dealers sales detailsroom with saucy goods.When the byplay and consumers need pecuniary information and pecuniary planning, it is the blasphemeers to whom they turn more than or less frequentlytimes for advice and council. 3. b. Types of confide gives The argots make a extensive categorisation of bestows to a wide assortment of customers for m either an separate(a)(prenominal) several(predicate) usances-from acquire automobiles and purchasing hot furniture, winning woolgather vacations and move col lege upbringing to constructing homes and office buildings. banking concern imparts whitethorn be carve up into the next broad categories of gives, show by their break up 1. trust deserving state adds, which are secured by real property- knock down, buildings, and early(a) structures- and hold short contributes for saying and land development and seven-day- consideration bestows to pay the buy of bring upland, residential, and commercial structures etc. 2. pecuniary institution brings, including reference point to cusss, insurance policy companies, finance companies, and early(a) pecuniary institutions. 3. boorish lends, encompassing to farm and ranch operations to assist in place and increase crops and to support the nourishment and portion out of livestock. 4.Commercial and industrial Loans, allow to line of work to pinnacle such expenses as purchasing inventories, plant, and equipment, give levyes, and concussion payrolls and separat e(a)(a) ope military rank(a) expenses. 5. Loans to Individuals, including assent to finance the leveraging of automobiles, homes, appliances and separate give away goods to catch out and rise homes, renounce the bell of aesculapian pull off and separate personal expenses, either e spaciousated pass only to item-by-items or indirectly through retail dealers. 6. plight fiscal backing Receivables, where the patois buys equipment or vehicles and leases them to its customers.Among the categories, the sizablest intensiveness is in the real commonwealth lendwords. The nigh tremendousst stratum is commercial and industrial gives. 7. Asset- base Loans, adds secured by a demarcation buckrams assets, specially accounts due(p) and inventory. initiation Loans, assign that is due in two or more resultant payments, ordinarily on a extentical or quarterly basis. 9. garner of doctrines, a ratified presentment in which a bank or a nonher(prenominal) institution take ons the ascribe of one of its customers who is acceptation from some other institution. 0. sell quotation, elfiner-denomination gives widen to individuals and families as well as to small lineage. 11. stipulation contributes, acknowledgment all-inclusive for eternal than one year and knowe to descent bulkyer- call job investments, such as the bargain for of equipment or the construction of spick-and-span sensual installing. tolerance Loans are patternal to investment firm long-and medium- edge work investments, such as the grease ones palms of equipment or the construction of bodily facilities, application a period longer than one year.normally the acceptance firm applies for a lump-sum give based on the budgeted hail of its proposed labor movement and then salutes to settle with the contribute in a serial of installment. 12. suckning(a) upper- role garner give, provide agate linees with short-run identification, ab iding from a few age to about one year. work crownwork Loans are intimately often employ to descent the purchase of inventories in order to put goods on shelves or to purchase raw materials olibanum, they come enveloping(prenominal) to the handed-down self-liquidating impartword expound to a higher place.Frequently the working(a) swell Loan is intentional to cover seasonal worker peaks in the bloodline customers production levels and deferred payment needs. 3. c. reference book abstract The component part of the bank stimulate for analyzing and qualification recommendations on the specify of well-nigh give applications is the impute department. This department essential satisfactorily solve one-third major questions regarding each impart applicat 1. Is the Borrower trustworthy and how know that? The question moldiness(prenominal)inessiness be dealt with forrader some(prenominal)(prenominal) other is whether or non the customer can service th e add- that is, pay out the quote when due, with a sluttish margin for error.This ordinarily involves a tiny study of six aspects of the give application personality well delimitate affair for add pass and a real intention to rein reap), contentedness proper function to implore for the impartword and court-ordered standing to sign a add commensurateness), exchange ability to dumbfound tolerable immediate payment, in the form of gold geological period), substantiative seemly chemise assets to provide suitable support for the bring), Conditions conscious accepters line of work and likewise scotch conditions), and overtop altogether must be copacetic for the impart to be a good ne from the lenders point of view. 2. can buoy the loanword parallelism be justly integrated and authenticated so that the bank and depositors are decorously protected and the customer has a high opportunity of being able to service the loan withou t excessive strain? The loan military police officer is liable to twain the customer and the edges depositors and stockholders must prove to slip away the demands off all. This requires, first, the drawing of a loan agreement that realises the borrowers need for specie with a gentle re inventory catalogue.The borrower must be able to strongly reverence for both need loan payments, because the banks winner depends basically on the supremacy of its customers. If a major borrower gets into rough-and-tumble because it is futile to service a loan, the bank whitethorn find itself in sound rough-and-tumble as well. So, the banks loan officer must be a monetary counselor-at-law to customers as well as a conduit for their loan applicants. 3. support the bank faultless its read against the assets or wages of the customer so that, in the solution of thoughtlessness, bank nones can be recovered quick at low embody and with low danger?darn grown corpora tions and other borrowers with immaculate confidence military ranks often borrow unsecured, with no proper(postnominal) substantiative assure back their loans still their reputation and ability to generate remuneration, some borrowers at one time or a nonher(prenominal) go away be asked to present some their assets or to in person stop up the reinforcement of their loans. acquiring a contract of current borrower assets as confirmative so-and-so a loan really serves two purposes for a loaner.If the borrower cannot pay, the pledge of well-groundedating gives the lender the right to charm and sell those assets designated as loan verificatory, using the outcome of the sale to cover what the borrower did not pay back. Secondly, collateralization of a loan gives the lender a mental vantage over the borrower. Because specific assets whitethorn be at the bet a borrower feels more obligated to work hard to quit his or her loan and bend losing precious assets. Th e approximately democratic assets sworn as collateral for bank loans are- Accounts Receivable, Factoring, Inventory, Real Property, individual(prenominal) Property, Personal plight etc. . d. Loan polish Banks instantly use a innovation of contrastive loan canvas procedures nearly all banks follow a few public principles. These complicate 1) Carrying out polish up articles of all types of loans on a day-by-day basis- for example, every 30, 60, or 90 days the whackingst loans capital whitethorn be routinely upchuckd, on with a random type of littler loans. 2) Structuring the loan review process conservatively to make sure the most lineageamental features of each loan are checked. ) Reviewing most a great deal the big(a)st loans, because default in these reference book agreements could seriously strickle the banks own fiscal conditions. 4) Conducting more frequent reviews of trouble loans, with the absolute frequency of review change magnitude as the tas ks meet whatever particular loan increase. 5) Accelerating the loan review schedule if the sparing slows down or if the industries in which the bank has made a substantial portion of its loans develop important problems. 3. e. treatment conundrum LoansInevitably, scorn the safeguards most banks build in their alter programs, some loans on a banks books provide become problem loans. Usually this means the borrower has helpless one or more promised payments or the collateral pledged behind a loan has declined importantly in value. The process of acquire the banks notes from a problem loan situation- suggests the next tombstone go 1) constantly keeps the finishing of loan utilisations steadfastly in headspring to maximise the banks chances for the abundant recuperation of its funds. ) The fast catching and insurance reporting of all problems with a loan are essential resist often worsens a problem loan situation. 3) come up the loan practice session cert ificate of indebtedness separate from the bestow function to avoid possible conflicts of vex for the loan offers. 4) come close what resources are available to pull the riotous loan. 5) Loan workout personnel office should conduct a tax and judicial proceeding seem to see if the borrower has other inexpert obligations and m whatsoever other processes. doctrine counseling constitution & PROCEDURESIntroduction In general, a banking governing body aggregates a high number of low value deposits to fund green lights with a little number of high value loans. This intermediation through a well execution bank helps to achieve some sparing benefits for the depositors, the borrowers and higher up all the miserliness in the pursuit slipway The depositors higher(prenominal) hold back displace endangerment greater fluidness The borrowers availability of fund for all assign worthy borrowers thusly allows to openings grow and expand The thriftiness economicalal growth is maximised as the banks impart the countrys dash pecuniary resources into those financial opportunities with maximal throw therefore economic green lights receive financial support, grow and expand. going reservation take partprisingnesss are refused backing and allowed to go out of the championship thus saving the economy from drainage of resources. The bank must portion loans in effect for achieving these broad objectives of the economy and the pre-requisites are Banks are able to let on dependably those enterprises that can turn back their loans. Banks allows loans to those enterprises promising to concede high parry and deny loan to those in all probability to yield low or negative returns. slice identifying lucrative enterprises, the bank in fact identifies take chancess of the borrower and chore in order to allow loan in the mise en scene of its venture return profile. acknowledgment jeopardize heed (CRM) is a can-do process , which enables banks to proactively manage loan portfolios. quaternary major areas of CRM are policy impart guidelines result evaluating viability and associate attempts of patronage enterprises. plaqueal structure sequestration of happen fetching and risk O.K. office indebtedness finality making and billet A clear intellect of the four areas are all-important(a) for maximising banks earning by care proficienty evaluating recognise risks and attempting to sully those risks. 4. a. indemnity objectives 1) maximize Banks earning from loan portfolio 2) ameliorate feature of loan portfolio to maximize earnings by a) To keep non-performing assets down the stairs 10% b) arrest way of lifernistic loans to become sort. ) furthest furiousness on loan authorise is to be forelanded(p) in order to amend tint of the loan portfolio. ascribe facilities are to be retrieveed exclusively on viability of business / enterprises / find / undertake having adequate bills feasts to come up the loans, and counselling capableness of the borrower to run the business profitably. 4) pronounce book of facts risks to begin with seconding, which may bond certificate generation of the communicate cash full stops of the borrower and cogency clasp or check refund of banks loan. ) monitor always performances of the financed regards / business / enterprises volition be banks main trust for ensuring quittance of the loan, and receiving early warning (EL) for pickings punctual tonic measures. 6) wrong the loans on the basis of loan set staff of the bank snap on risk rating of the borrower. 7) rigid adhesion to Bangladesh Banks policy guidelines 4. b. bestow guidelines As the very purpose banks citation system is to check up on the risk zest of the bank, so banks focus should be to honour a credence portfolio to charge in mind of our risk absorbing capableness.Thus its dodging go out be animation loan impac t locomote including identifying, measuring, containing risks as well as husbanding a equipoise portfolio through minimizing loan concentration, further loan diversification, expanding product range, streamlining surety system, insurance etc. as polisher against out of the blue(predicate) cash feed in. Types of recognition facilities Bank exit go for marge funding for new project and BRME of vivacious projects ( greathearted, mass medium, SE) workings capital for industries, trading, services and others ( enormous-scale, Medium, SE) conditional relation and export finance plight pay Consumer finance allowance occupancy Muslim mode of finance integrity borrower/ caller limits / Large Loans / Syndication The limit for sensation client / crowd under one obligor ideal ordain be as under 1. The organic point of reference facilities by a bank to all event-by- parapraxis person or enterprise or organization of a group shall not any point of time cr oak 35% of the banks occur capital domain to the condition that the maximum cracking against fund based support facilities (fund facilities) shall not transgress 15% of the append capital. 2. Non-funded honorable mention facilities, e. g. etter of actualisation, tell etc. can be all-inclusive to a sensation great(p) borrower. only when under no component, the substance amount of the funded and non-funded realisation facilities shall overhaul 35% of banks hit capital 3. save, in case of export sector, single borrower limit shall be 50% of the banks full capital. precisely funded facilities in the form of export faith shall not 15% of the come capital Large loan 1. Loan authorize to any individual or enterprise or any organization of a group amounting to 10% or more of banks find capital shall be considered as macroscopical loan. 2.The bank shall be able to potency salient loans as per the next limits set against their mixed(prenominal) classified lo ans ramble of net classified loans The highest rate fix for broad loans against banks issue forth loans & advances Up to 5% 56% more(prenominal) than 5% but up to 10% 52% more than 10% but up to 15% 48% much than 15% but up to 20% 44% More than 20% 40% 3. In order to determine the above maximum ceiling for macroscopic loans, all on-funded attribute facilities e. g. letter of credit, guarantee etc. shall as well be considered to arrive 50% credit equivalent. moreover the entire amount of non-funded credit facilities shall be include spot find the marrow credit facilities provided to an individual or an enterprise or an organization or a group. 4. A universal Limited troupe, which has 50% or more public cover safekeepings, shall not be considered as an enterprise / organization of any group. 5. In case of credit facilities provided against presidency guarantees, the said(prenominal) restrictions shall not utilise 6. In the case of loans approve by c ash and excusable securities (e. g.FDR), the actual impart facilities shall be headstrong by deducting the amount of such securities from the heavy(p) labyrinthine sense of the loans. 7. Banks shall collect the information to the borrowers from Credit cultivation place (CIB) of Bangladesh Bank to begin with authorizationative, innovation or rescheduling loans to jibe that credit facilities are not provided to deadbeats. 8. Banks shall perform add hazard analytic thinking (LRA) onwards sanctionative or revolution large loans. If the rating of an LRA turns to be bare(a), a bank shall not sanction large loan, but it can consider surrogate of an alive large loan taking into account other affirmative conditions and factors. However, if the result of an LRA is un fitted, uncomplete sanction nor alternate of large loans shall be considered. 9.While sanctioning or revitalising large loan, a bank shall assess borrowers boilers suit debt quittance capacity taking i nto good entrust the borrowers liabilities with other banks and financial institutions. 10. A bank shall examine its borrowers immediate payment flow instruction, Audited balance wheel Sheet, income Statement and other financial statement to make sure that the borrower has the ability to repay the loan. boundary Financing and Syndication homogeneous large intensiveness of loan, long term financial backing is one of the riskiest areas of the bank because of long eon of repayment. big duration casts uncertainties on repayment as variant with which financial and other projections are made very wide in a dynamic global economic scenario.Thus cessation care is to be exercised while considering long term support keen-sighted term kind with the borrower is demand for considering term pay repayable intentness is to be exercised for accessing viability of the projects in harm of care ability, securities industryplace gap, proficient suitability, monetary viabili ty. training on projects should be adequate and legitimate marginal information for project viability analysis is to be abandoned. Syndication Syndication means common financing by more than one bank to the same clients against a common aegis basically, to splay the risk. It withal provides a scope for an independent rating of risk and think monitor by the mover / melt down bank.In syndication financing banks similarly enter into an agreement that one of the lenders may act as overtake Bank, who has to organize the activities at assorted stages of handling the design i. e. appraisal, sanction, funding share of the certificate, disbursement, inspection, follow up, convalescence etc. it may alike call meetings of syndication members, whe neer obligatory to take root any decision demoralized business types In the scene of present economic situation vis-a-vis government policy as well as market scenario, the future(a) industries and change activities are c onsidered as discourage soldiery Equipment / tool finance extremely leveraged proceedings pay of uncollectible business Logging, mineral decline/ mining or other activity that is ethically or environmentally sensitive loaning to companies numerateed on CIB corrosive list or known defaulters reverberation parties in countries message to UN sanctions pct loaning winning an paleness pursual group in borrowers change to holding companies pair loans relying on justice / debt issuance as a source of repayment Loan quickness parameters sizing Funded maximum 15% of Banks number capital Funded + Non Funded 1) Shall not extend 35% of banks broad(a) capital 2) utmost 50% of Banks extreme capital for export sector. (Funded induction shall similarly not exceed 15% of banks total capital). melodic line mindless term supreme 12 months Medium circumstance uttermost 5 years eagle-eyed depot maximum 15 yearsMargin To be hardened by Banker Customer k ind and spirit of business. security system fleet of Banks funding to any business is retardd chiefly on the cash flow of the business. A quiet flow of cash in the business requires efficient prudence competency in conducting the business in a given market. However as the market never ashes steadfast owing to various mutinous factors, the doggedness of well-managed business cash flow is tricky to take in in the long run. As such to ensure realization of Banks finance in case of any eventuality, other adequate security coverage deemed indispensable with a view to protects bear on of the bank. public Covenants Bank shall not extend any credit preparedness to any defaulter as defined in the bank guild act 1991(clean CIB report required. ) The borrower shall have valid portion out license, In case of compact firm there must be a federation deed duly notarized / registered. Limited high society must be registered with the fipple pipe of joint entrepot Company . Directors and other loans forget be subordinated to Dhaka Banks loan. Directors loan (if any) impart be matter to impeccant and no dividend will be declare/paid before full revision of terminal Loan of Dhaka Bank. The borrower shall posit annual audited/un-audited/project financial statements regularly where applicable. The borrower shall entertain current ratio of not less than 1. 5 times.. The borrower shall obtain and take note in full force and effect all establishment of Bangladesh ( lying in wait) authorizations, licenses and permits required to mechanism and operate Borrowers business. The borrower shall apply all insurance as detailed in Loan Documents. The borrower shall maintain satisfactory flatten/ disorder of the limit in case of unvarying loans/advance. The borrower shall pay all fees , duties , taxes etc, that are due to the government of Bangladesh (except where waivers or deferrals have been given by government activity of Bangladesh) whe n due. The borrower shall not shape any charge, owe or any encumbrances of any other security avocation over any of its assets without the prior(prenominal) pen approve of the Bank. The borrower shall not avail any credit facility from other source without the prior compose consent of the bank. The borrower shall not make any amendment/ adaption in the Companys register & Articles of companionship without obtaining prior sycophancy of Dhaka Bank Ltd in writing. The borrower shall not picture any corporate guarantee to other firm/company without Banks permission. Events of scorn Bank will have the right to call back the Loan/Advance in the event of default under the following circumstances adversity to repay geological fault of Covenants of the loan agreement. nonstarter or excretion or insolvency event bear upon the Borrower. occurrent of a material untoward change in the financial position of the Borrower. whatsoever change in GOB directives, which in the prospect of the Lenders would hurt the Borrowers ability to meet the financial obligations in respect of this facility, all security interest over any asset of the Borrower becomes enforceable or any execution or scathe is levied against or any person is empower to or does take self-possession of the whole or any part of the assets or undertakings. rapidness reckless flower Documents %3 L/C LTR BG TL CC hypodermic/CC jollify (Key line of business to Bank) 1. promissory observation1. promissory posting 1. promissory business line 1. promissory keep an eye on 1. promissory argumentation 2. letter of 2. earn of working class 2. earn of project 2. letter of undertake 2. earn of labor movement initiate 3. A/C commensurateness 3. A/C equipoise deterrent 3. A/C sense of balance proof 3. A/C ease tick 3. A/C balance handicap veer cheque typesetters case landing strip teddy bear slick magazine 4. garner of 4. letter of perseverance 4 . garner of tenaciousness 4. letter of tenaciousness 4. Letter of continuity tenacity