God s View Of God Essay - 909 Words

Introduction: God gave all beings to Christ that he might deliver them. Thou hast granted him power over all humanity, that he should give eternal life to as many as thou hast given him. John 17:2 This plainly evinces, that it was God s design, in giving Christ dominion over all flesh, that they should all enjoy eternal life. God created all men expressly for his pleasure, and, therefore, not for ultimate death. Thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. Rev. 4:11 Adam Clarke has a fine remark on this passage. He says, He made all things for his pleasure; and through the same motive he preserves. Paul saith, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them. 2 Cor. It is impossible for God to lie, who has sworn to Abraham to bless all the kindreds of the earth, in his seed, which is Christ Jesus our Lord and saviour. Hence, it is most evident, that he hateth nothing that he has made; and could have made no intelligent creature with the design to make it eternally miserable. (John 3:16-17 ESV) For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. In essence, we are given the foundation and told Choose wisely., the sad fact is that many do not. God made the same promise to Isaac. It is strange, that a contrary supposition has ever entered into the heart of man; and it is high time that the benevolentShow MoreRelatedGod s View Of God947 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the beginning to the end of time God has been, is, and will be actively involved with His creation. It is part of God’s nature to have care and compassion for what He has made. Specifically, for the purpose of this paper we will look at God’s guidance in the interactions of His prized creation: man. â€Å"The Lord looks from heaven; He sees all the sons of men; from His dwelling place He looks out on all the inhabitants of the earth, He who fashions the hearts of them all, He who understands allRead MoreMy View O n God s God1915 Words   |  8 PagesMy view on God is that he is the reason we are all here today. I, myself, do believe that there is a God and one God only. The bible isn’t the only reason I believe in him. I truly believe that the way we view god is very important. Our views on God indicates on how we live our lives. In fact, it might even determine how we go on and live our lives. For example, most Christians (not all) are religious and do their best to go on in life without committing any sins. And if a sin is committed, we prayRead MoreMy Views On God s God Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesEven though I could remember talking to God as a kid, when I was an adult and thought about talking to God, what came to my mind was: Who are you to think that you can talk to God? But the truth is, who am I not to? Who are YOU not to? When we think, Who am I to talk to God? we deny ourselves our Oneness with our Source. So even though the thought might arise, who am I to think that I can talk to God? it is just a thought. It s just something that arises when you entertain the thought of connectingRead MoreThe s View Of Gods Essay2154 Words   |  9 PagesGreek gods exhibit as imperfect immortal beings that are similar to humans on several levels. Gods with human-like personalities impart their favours when pleased but can also withdraw them when they are disrespected. In Heracles by Euripides, impulsive gods determine a man’s life path and fate. Theseus and Heracles hold distinct views on the divine beings. Heracles believes that the gods do not contain any flaws, although the gods do not live up to his expectations and his belief in gods changesRead MoreAristotle s Views On God997 Words   |  4 PagesThere are multiple philosophers who have expressed their views on how a person should live his/her life. Despite the agreeance that god is the highest being, the conflicting view between philosophers is on the way one should live his/her life of virtue. Through different perspectives, distinguishing good from bad is extremely difficult. Aristotle was not religious, did not think god was compassionate, and did not believe one would meet god himself in the â€Å"life after death†. Aristotle believed thatRead MoreDescartes s View Of God1499 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of himself acts as the only proof of his existence that cannot be doubted. Descartes has in himself the idea of God and says that something, including that idea, can’t come from nothing. So that idea must have come from somewhere. He purposes that he cannot be the cause of the idea that God exists because he is finite and God is not. God is infinite. Descartes knows that God put this idea in him because he himself cannot think of it. He cannot come up with something that’s more than he can conceiveRead MoreHesiod s View Of The Gods3056 Words   |  13 PagesArchilochus, Pindar, and Solon 1. Is Hesiod’s view of the gods different or similar to Homer’s? There are big differences between two ancient representatives of the Greek literature. If Homer is a legendary figure from the beginning to the end, Hesiod is real. Respect for the gods, love and respect for parents, homeland defense are the commandments of the Greeks, as reproduced in the Homeric poems. The appearance of the gods is portrayed contradictory. Homeric gods are completely humanoid (anthropomorphic)Read MoreComparing The Creation Stories Of Ancient Israelite Views Of God And God s Creative Work Essay1816 Words   |  8 Pagesthis comparative work tells us about ancient Israelite views of God and God’s creative work. Genesis 1, the first chapter in the bible, is easily the most well known creation story to come out of the Ancient Near East. However, that does not mean that it was the only creation story to come out of that period. The Babylonian epic, the Enuma Elish was one such story. It is in essence a history of the Babylonian gods, and in particular, one god, Marduk. It was ultimately written to justify his riseRead MoreSimilarities Between Descartes And Nietzsche s View On God s Existence937 Words   |  4 Pagestruly a God or something superior to us? Yes of course. Conversely, atheists are people who don’t believe that God or a divine being exists. For the most part, atheists have acknowledged that the most reasonable conclusions are the ones that have the best evidential support. They have argued that the evidence in favor of God’s existence is too weak or the arguments in favor of concluding there is no God are more compelling. Two ancient philosophers, Descartes and Nie tzsche’s have different views on God’sRead MoreNietzsche And Jean Sartre s View On The Death Of God882 Words   |  4 Pagesmost ground breaking and controversial views on the meaning of life. This essay will provide a critical analysis of Nietzsche’s famous idea of the â€Å"Death of God† and Sartre’s extensive work on the theory â€Å"existence precedes essence†. In addition, it shall explain why Nietzsche’s claim that without God, life is dull and mediocre is correct, and why life without God is filled with anguish and forlornness, as Sartre believes. To illustrate the tragedy of Gods death, Nietzsche tells a tale of a madman

Nonverbal Woman and Victoria Essay - 717 Words

Victor Victoria All types of communication interaction involve two major components in terms of how people are perceived: verbal, and nonverbal. These cues such as facial expressions, posture, verbal intonations, and other body gestures accompany our words in order to create a clear message. Every person is continuously communicating even when they are not saying a word, thus, it is possible to send an exclusively non verbal message but it is not possible to send an exclusively verbal message. Nonverbal cues in the interaction are always more powerful indicators of what a speaker means and what the speaker feels because non verbal cues have not been learned and therefore are not manipulated. In the movie Victor Victoria, nonverbal cues†¦show more content†¦Toddy accepts the ride to show off that they’re wealthy even if they are not. This scene in my eyes is one of the great barriers that distinguishes men and women. In addition to the things that accentuates a woman, there also exist the things that accentuates a man. For example the way men greet each other. I man greeting another man would simply shake hands, but a man greeting a woman would kiss her hand. There is also the nonverbal cues of what a gay man should look like. In this movie we have the bodyguard, and the boxer who are two gay men but King Marchand refuses to admit it due to the nonverbal cue that they are both strong men. Also, when the gangsters think that King Marchand they try to get rid of him by paying him off because gangsters can’t be seen as gay because they are usually strong feared men. Nonverbal cues are used in this movie to emphasize the socio-economic class of the characters. In the opening scene of the movie we see Victoria singing, we automatically know she is poor by the clothes she is wearing. She has a broken glove, and no fancy jewelry. This nonverbal cue was intended to demonstrate that she is a struggling singer. In a later scene we see Victoria walk by a restaurant and see a fat man enjoying a large variety of pastries. The size of the man is intentional and is what let’s the audience know that he is wealthy because he obviously eats a lot of pastries which only a rich man could afford in this timeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Victor Victoria s Bed With Richard Dinardo 906 Words   |  4 Pagesmerely impossible nonverbal cues are used so much we tend to not realize them, or they simply just become second nature to us. The movie Victor Victoria does a great job of showcasing these so called non-verbal cues. Non-verbal cues are messages conveyed using facial, spatial, and eye communication as well as body appearance and body movements. These messages allow the audience to see what a character is feeling or what his intentions are without the use of words. The movie Victor Victoria shows an arrayRead MoreIs It Developmentally Disabled?991 Words   |  4 Pagesunder inspection and debated (Travers, 2014). Crossley was a very inf luential woman when it came to knowledge about communication and developmental disabilities. Crossley was the program coordinator of Dignity, Education, Advocacy, and Language Communication Centre, also known as DEAL, in the Melbourne area. She started to advocate for facilitated communication in developmental service centers in the state of Victoria as FC began to rapidly move across Australia (Jacobson, 1995). Shortly after theRead MoreThe Importance Of Active Collaboration With Families Of Culturally Diverse Backgrounds907 Words   |  4 PagesIn this video, a woman discusses the building of partnerships with families of culturally diverse backgrounds. The video begins with the explanation of how families are interconnected, and what affects one affects them all. Family members may experience a wide range of emotions, and go through the grieving process when a family member is diagnosed with a disability. The time at which they can adjust to this major event varies, certain members may have a stronger reaction than others. The way at whichRead MoreHigh Fashions : Popular Fashion In Pop Culture1246 Words   |  5 Pages High heels are a popular fashion that enhance a female’s confidence throughout her entire body. High heels draw favorable attention and tie an outfit together for a woman. High heels have developed and remained a crucial accessory throughout the years. Heels of every make, model, and style are loved and adored by women all over the world, high heels are a persistent addiction in pop culture and seen everywhere today not only on a female’s foot, but in magazines, books, television shows, movies andRead MoreThe Is A Political Drama Series That Revolves Around Its Main Aspects Of An Archetypal Antihero1667 Words   |  7 Pagesused to work for the President as a White House Communications Director. Though, their interrelationship goes beyond the normal employer-employee relationship. Olivia and President Grant are secretly having an affair. As the only African American woman to play the protagonist role, Washington portrays a strong, powerful character that is complex yet identifiable for postmodern audiences. Olivia has many admirable traits that make her a popular role model, yet she is also viewed as an antihero forRead MoreThe Effects Of Interpersonal Violence On The Workplace1835 Words   |  8 Pages[NCADV], 2011). The University of Huston-Victoria (uhv.edu, n.d), defined interpersonal violence as dating violence with a pattern of destructive behaviors that are used to exert power and control over a dating partner. It usually involves a pattern of abusive acts over extended period of time and the studies show that the trends in American colleges are becoming increasingly worse over time. Victims Victims could be anyone in a relationship, a woman or man, but mostly likely victims are womenRead MoreClinical Test Construction Exercise Report2872 Words   |  12 PagesMark Kebbell Tutor: Cathy Poole Tutorial Time: 10:00am-11:50am Thursday Due Date: 6th October 2014 Date Submitted: 6th October 2014 Word Count: 1919 words Clinical Test Construction Exercise Reason for Referral Ms. Julie Coldwell is a 25 year old woman who was referred to Bradfield Hospital Mental Health Unit by her General Practitioner for psychological assessment. Ms. Coldwell works as a trainee manager for a supermarket. Ms. Coldwell was referred after she reported experiencing difficulty sleepingRead MoreSafeguarding in Health and Social Care6436 Words   |  26 Pagesslapping, scalding, hitting, kicking, burning or misuse of medication, restraint or inappropriate sanctions. It is a form of physical attack on an individual, it can also be a intentional neglect to prevent physical injury. Case Study: An older woman was partially paralysed as she had a stroke. Her carers came into her home two times a day, her husband cared for her the rest of the day. Her husband became increasingly aggressive behaviour. One day at night, she asked him to help her to the toiletRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagesaccordance with the intentions of the speaker (writer). It should be noted that the proposals selected by a special parcellation of the text found in advertisements often enough. Parcelling copywriter has a particular context: it can be both verbal and nonverbal. Non-verbal context can be created with the help of colorful pictures or diagrams (in a case of the print ad or a poster) or video-clip (television advertising). In this aspect, special attention should be paid television advertising (in this aspectRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Communication 336 The Communication Process 338 Direction of Communication 338 Downward Communication 339 †¢ Upward Communication 339 †¢ Lateral Communication 339 Interpersonal Communication 340 Oral Communication 340 †¢ Written Communication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications

Strategic Management - External Analysis Of Tesco

Question: Discuss about the case study Strategic Management for Obtain its Objective and Aim. Answer: Introduction The strategic management is about the managing of the resources of an organization with the aim to achieve its objectives and goals. This particular management involves setting the goals of an organization, to examine the competitive environment and the internal organization, to assess the approaches and also to guarantee about the rolling out of those strategies across the firm (Raimbault and Barr 2012). Therefore, it can be said that the strategic management plays an important role within an organization in order to run it effectively and efficiently. In this report, a strategic analysis of both the external and internal environment of a renowned retail company named Tesco Plc has been performed in order to examine the strategic choices that the firm faces. In addition to this, the report also aims to link between the corporate strategy and organizational configurations (Pride and Ferrell 2012). Thus, this particular report mainly represents the corporate objectives, external anal ysis, strategic capabilities, strategic choice and organizational design of Tesco Plc. Lastly, on the basis of the findings and conclusion of the analysis, proper recommendations have also been provided. Company Background Tesco Plc is a public limited company in the retailing sector and it was founded by Jack Cohen in the year 1919 i.e. near about 97 years ago in England (Tesco plc 2016). The company is traded under London Stock Exchange (LSE) as TSCO. Tesco Plc is an international grocery and common goods retailer, which is measured as the 3rd largest trader in the whole world based on its total amount of earned profits (Tesco.com 2016). On the other hand, Tesco Plc is counted as the 2nd largest dealer across the world based on its total revenue (Tesco.com 2016). Tesco is the grocery market leader in the U.K. and it has around 6815 stores in overall 12 countries across Europe and Asia (Tesco.com 2016). Corporate Objectives of Tesco The corporate objectives are the goals and aims that are related to the business as a whole. These are generally set up by the topmost level of management of an organization. In the year 2014, the organization Tesco Plc announced a new corporate strategy in order to expand the business (Rothaermel 2013). These include: To grow and enrich the U.K. core To be the developer of highly valued brands To become an outstanding retailer in stores and online across the world To expand the retail services of the firm in all the existing markets To become more responsible towards the communities where the firm serves To build a more creative team that can create and add more value To become strong in everything the firm sells like the foods The fundamental goals of Tesco plc are: To provide the shoppers of Britain a little better each day To become the supporter for the consumers To help the customers by providing them an opportunity to get benefit from an easier way of living and a better quality of life To provide great products to the customers at great value and also to deliver them in the right way The scope of the companys activities The mission of the firm Tesco is to create value for its customers in order to earn their lifelong loyalty. It has been found that at the end of the year 2015, the company has total 7817 shops across the world, 517802 employees globally and over 80 million shopping trips each week (Tesco.com 2016). The U.K. stores of Tesco are separated into six forms on the basis of its size and the range of goods sold. These are Tesco Extra, Tesco Metro, Tesco Superstores, Tesco Express, Tesco Homeplus and One-stop (Tesco plc 2016). Moreover, it has been found that the firm Tesco originally started its business in the food and drink sector but later it has diversified its business into various areas like electronics, clothing, telecoms, financial services, home, retailing, healthcare and many more. All these indicate that the firm runs successfully and efficiently over the years and also it has a scope for future expansion by increasing the total numbers of stores worldwide. External analysis of Tesco Macroeconomic Analysis PESTLE Analysis of Tesco Plc: In this report, a PESTLE analysis of the firm Tesco Plc has been performed in order to analyze and monitor the external marketing environment i.e. the macro-environmental factors, which have an impact on the firm. Political factors: Tesco operates in a globalized environment with several numbers of stores across the world, thus the presentation of the firm is highly affected by both the legal and political conditions of all the nations. For employment legislations, the governments generally encourage the retailers to offer a mix of job opportunities in order to meet the demand of various categories of population (Pitt and Koufopoulos 2012). However, the retailing has a great impact on people and job factors as the development of new store is considered as a destroying factor. The reason behind this is that the new store development destroys other employments in this division as the conventional stores generally go out of industry and are focused to cut costs in order to fight. It has been found that Tesco employs several students, elderly and disabled workers by providing lesser pays (Wheelen and Hunger 2012). Moreover, these staffs offer a high level of reliability towards Tesco plc as the particular industry h as a high staff turnover rate and thus these workers symbolize pleasing workers. Economical factors: The economical factors are of higher apprehension to Tesco as they affect the costs, demand, profits and prices. The most effective factor is the higher rate of unemployment. The reason behind this is that the decrease in the demand for many products affects the demand required for producing such products adversely (Shimizu 2012). It has been found that the international business of Tesco is still growing but the firm is highly dependent on the market of U.K. This indicates that any slowdown in the U.K. market might affect the company adversely. Social factors: As per the present trend, it has been found that due to the social changes, the U.K. customers have moved towards the bulk shopping. Thus, Tesco have raised the quantity of non-food objects in its stores. Demographic changes like aging of population, raise in female staffs have lead to decline in home meal preparation and this helps the firm to focus on added-value services and products (Parnell 2014). The change in the consumer behavior makes the firm Tesco to change its products and services. It has been found that the consumers become more attentive regarding health issues and thus their behavior towards their food habit has changed. Technological factors: The implementation of new technologies provides advantages to both the firm and its customers. Additionally, the new technologies also help to increase the purchaser pleasure as the goods are accessible quickly, shopping can be more favorable and the services can become more modified. It has been found that the implementation of various new technologies like wireless devices, Electronic shelf labeling, intelligent scale, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Self check-out machine have increased the sales of Tesco Plc (Olivas-Lujan and Bondarouk 2013). Environmental Factors: The government has planned to commence an innovative policy for sustainable production and consumption in order to reduce utilization of assets, wastes and also to decrease the ecological damage (Lasserre 2012). Additionally, the latest legislation has developed a new tax on advertising fatty and highly processed foods. All these increase the expense and cost of Tesco. Thus, it can be said that the environmental factors of various countries affect the operation and regulations of the particular firm. Legal factors: It has been found that various legal rules, regulations and policies have a direct effect on the performance of Tesco. For instance, the Food Retailing Commission (FRC) enforced a Code of Practice that has banned many of the current practices of Tesco. These include demanding payments from suppliers and making any change to an agreed price retrospectively. Competitive Analysis Porters Competitive Forces: Porters five forces analysis helps to understand the competitiveness within the present market. Therefore, in this report, Porters Competitive forces analysis has been performed to understand the market situation for the firm Tesco plc. Threat of New Entrants The grocery market of U.K. is mainly dominated by four major companies Tesco, Sainsburys, Safeway and Asda. All these constitute about 70% of the market share, whereas, 10 % of the market share is occupied by the small chains of Waitrose, Budgens and Somerfield (Tesco plc 2016). The one-stop shopping, major marketing-mix expenditure and operating efficiency play the vital role in most of the large chains. This force puts a great impact on relatively smaller traditional shops. Thus, it can be said that there are various obstacles for new organizations to enter this grocery market. It has been found that the stock control systems have adversely affected the existing company like Tesco and the new entrant (Kotler and Keller 2012). Additionally, the differentiation and the economies of scale also put barrier to Tesco regarding its product development, better distribution and promotional activity. Bargaining Power of Customers The loyalty card of Tesco i.e. Club card is the most significant strategy for customer retention (Lynch 2012). Thus, it helps to increase the profitability of the firm continuously. In order to retain the present customer base, Tesco customizes service, ensures better choices, low prices and maintains a stable flow of in-store promotion. The firm brings in a crucial change in the food retailing as per the demand of the customers, as with the passage of time the competencies within the sector increases and this might affect the customer base of the firm. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The power of the suppliers can be affected by the major grocery chains and fear of losing their business to supermarkets. Thus, this consolidates leading positions of Tesco in negotiating better prices from suppliers, which small individual chains are incapable to match. On the contrary, the suppliers of the U.K. are also threatened by growing capacity of large retailers in order to supply the goods from overseas countries at lower cost (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2013). It has been found that the pressure of the competitive rivalry have declined the profit margins for both the suppliers and Tesco. Threat of Substitutes In the grocery industry, substitution can takes place in the form of the substitute of need or product-for-product. It has been found that this is further weakened by introduction of new trends in the particular industry. Bargaining Power of Competitors The purchasing power of the grocery industry is limited in the hands of a few retail buyers. Thus, the level of competition among these few numbers of retail buyers are also very high. New technologies and different pricing strategies are implemented by these companies like Tesco in order to earn more new customers also to retain the existing ones. Strategic Capabilities of Tesco The strategic capabilities in terms of organizational resources have been evaluated on the basis of the external analysis of the company Tesco Plc. In order to analyze the strategic capabilities, it is an important factor to consider the effectiveness of the internal operations of the firm Tesco Plc in the form of identification of the critical success factors of the particular organization in the grocery sector (Hill, Schilling and Jones 2015). These include branding and reputation of the firm, IT integration and supplier management. Tesco sources its products from manufacturers of overseas countries, especially who are more competitive on both volumes and prices. Being an international organization, the firm organization has developed various supplier management programs in order to survey franchisee satisfaction and key suppliers. It has also been found that Tesco has taken part in the Ethnical Trading Initiative (Tesco.com 2016). Nowadays, the companies generally act in an incre asingly complex and dynamic environment thus it provides more difficulties by adapting themselves to the spontaneous changes (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne 2013). Tesco intends to compete in this type of complex and dynamic world. Thus, it is a mandatory factor for Tesco to implement an extraordinary speed and also to improve its services, products and processes continuously in order to compete in this highly competitive market. Thus, IT integration is an essential factor for operation of Tesco. On the other hand, core competencies are the factors that provide the firm with various competitive advantages. Therefore, the objective of Tesco is to focus on the competencies that affect the competitive advantage (Tesco plc 2016). Tesco generally look at the generic level and the competence of Tesco leads to performance levels from an activity which is better than competitors. Strategic Choice of Tesco Analysis of Business Strategy of Tesco: The generic strategies are featured by the response of an individual retailer to the structure of the industry. In order to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, Tesco implements all the three generic strategies i.e. cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Tesco provides its products and services at lowest costs. Thus, the implementation of the cost leadership strategy helps the firm to earn more. Additionally, this strategy makes the firm enable to generate high profit margins by controlling the operating costs It has also been found that by implementing the differentiation strategy, Tesco will be able to offer its products and services with various unique features that will help the organization to increase its customer value. Lastly, it can be said that both these differentiation and cost leadership strategies aimed towards a focused, narrow market. The implementation of the cost leadership strategy makes the firm focuses on creation of internal efficiencies (Dess 2012). Therefore, it can be said that both the cost leadership and differentiation strategies aimed Tesco towards the broad market. Organizational Design of Tesco The McKinsey 7-S Framework of Tesco The six key elements of organizational design are departmentalization, hierarchy of authority, span of control, geography, customers and special projects. All these elements can be categorized through the McKinsey 7S Framework into two types of elements i.e. hard and soft (Coulter 2013). As per this framework, it can be said that departmentalization, hierarchy of authority and span of control are hard elements and geography, customers and special projects are soft elements. Evaluation of Inter-linkage between Hard and Soft Elements of Tesco For the firm Tesco, all its hard and soft elements are interlinked with each other as based on geography, departmentalization within a firm takes place. This leads to the importance of hierarchy of authority. The reason behind this is that the staffs can be controlled by proper hierarchy of the authority (Barney and Hesterly 2012). This leads to a systematic operation and regulation of the firm. Additionally, the span of control helps the firm to handle special projects. Therefore, it can be said that the hard and soft elements of the firm are interlinked to each other. Differentiation of Organizational Configurations with Different Markets It has been found that the organizational configurations of Tesco differ with different markets in order to earn more new customers and to retain the existing ones. This change mainly takes due to globalization, information technology, industry consolidation, rapid pace of change, emerging nations and interdependence of economies (Andrews et al. 2012). Conclusion and Recommendations Therefore, it can be concluded that Tesco has capitalized its strengths effectively and efficiently through its strategic choices and organizational configurations as the market share of the firm has increased. Additionally, the ROI and general growth of the firm also implies its strength. However, some of the weaknesses of the firm have been identified. These include Tescos reliance upon the market of U.K., debt reduction and serial acquisitions. It has also been found that there are various threats that Tesco generally faces. These are the challenge of Asda and Wal-Mart, probability of falling overseas returns, structural change in the U.K. market might affect price war and international expansion. All these threats can be managed by Tescos various opportunities, like continuous growth in the non-food retail, health and beauty ranges and further growth in the international market. Finally, it has been found that Tescos vision is to be the most highly valued firm but its strategi c choices includes only cost leadership i.e. to provide goods and services at lowest cost and to provide unique services and goods to the broad market. Therefore, firm should change its strategic choices and should keep these in line with its vision statement. References Andrews, R., Boyne, D., Boyne, G., Law, J., Walker, P. and Walker, R. 2012.Strategic management and public service performance. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Barney, J. and Hesterly, W. 2012.Strategic management and competitive advantage. Boston: Pearson. Coulter, M. 2013.Strategic management in action. Boston: Pearson. Dess, G. 2012.Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ginter, P., Duncan, W. and Swayne, L. 2013.Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Wiley. Hill, C., Schilling, M. and Jones, G. 2015.Strategic management. Boston, Mass.: Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. and Hoskisson, R. 2013.Strategic management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. 2012.Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lasserre, P. 2012.Global strategic management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Lynch, R. 2012.Strategic management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Olivas-Lujan, M. and Bondarouk, T. 2013.Social media in strategic management. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Parnell, J. 2014.Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Pitt, M. and Koufopoulos, D. 2012.Essentials of strategic management. London: SAGE. Pride, W. and Ferrell, O. 2012.Marketing. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Raimbault, C. and Barr, A. 2012.Emerging risks. Farnham, Surrey: Gower. Rothaermel, F. 2013.Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Shimizu, K. 2012.The cores of strategic management. New York: Routledge. Tesco plc. 2016.Tesco PLC. [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/ [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Tesco.com. 2016.Tesco | Online Groceries, Homeware, Electricals Clothing. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com [Accessed 20 Jul. 2016]. Wheelen, T. and Hunger, J. 2012.Strategic management and business policy. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.

The Member Of The Wedding Essays - Literature, Films,

The Member of the Wedding The Member of the Wedding The Member of the Wedding by Carson McCullers is the story of an adolescent girl who triumphs over loneliness and gains maturity through an identity that she creates for herself in her mind. It is with this guise that twelve year old Frankie Addams begins to feel confident about herself and life. The author seems to indicate that one can feel good about oneself through positive thinking regardless of reality. The novel teaches that one's destiny is a self-fulfilled prophesy, seeing one's self in a certain light oftentimes creates an environment where one might become that which one would like to be. The world begins to look new and beautiful to Frankie when her older brother Jarvis returns from Alaska with his bride-to-be, Janice. The once clumsy Frankie, forlorn and lonely, feeling that she "was a member of nothing in the world" now decides that she is going to be "the member of the wedding." Frankie truly believes that she is going to be an integral part of her brother's new family and becomes infatuated with the idea that she will leave Georgia and live with Jarvis and Janice in Winter Hill. In her scheme to be part of this new unit, she dubs herself F. Jasmine so that she and the wedding couple will all have names beginning with the letters J and a. Her positive thinking induces a euphoria which contributes to a rejection of the old feeling that "the old Frankie had no we to claim.... Now all this was suddenly over with and changed. There was her brother and the bride, and it was as though when first she saw them something she had known inside of her: They are the we of me." Being a member of the wedding will, she feels, connect her irrevocably to her brother and his wife. Typical of many teenagers, she felt that in order to be someone she has to be a part of an intact, existing group, that is, Jarvis and Janice. The teen years are known as a time of soul-searching for a new and grown up identity. In an effort to find this identity teens seek to join a group. Frankie, too, is deperate for Jarvis and Janice's adult acceptance. Frankie is forced to spend the summer with John Henry, her six year old cousin, and Berenice Brown, her black cook. It is through her interactions with these two characters that the reader perceives Frankie's ascent from childhood. Before Jarvis and Janice arrive, Frankie is content to play with John Henry. When she becomes F. Jasmine and an imagined "we" of the couple, she feels too mature to have John Henry sleep over, preferring, instead, to occupy her time explaining her wedding plans to strangers in bars, a behavior she would not have considered doing before gaining this new confidence. When F. Jasmine tells her plans to Berenice, the cook immediately warns her that Jarvis and Janice will not want her to live with them. F. Jasmine smugly ignores the cook's warning that "you just laying yourself this fancy trap to catch yourself in trouble." The adolescent feels confident and cocky, refusing to believe that her plot is preposterous. After the wedding and the shattering reality that Frances (as she is now known) faces, it is evident, from the fact that their refusal doesn't crush her, that she has truly turned herself around, and that her maturity is an authentic and abiding one. At the conclusion of the story, the now confident Frances is able to plan a future for herself, by herself, which includes becoming a great writer. She, further, finds a sympathetic friend who becomes the other half of her new "we." Carson McCullers brilliantly portrays a teenage girl's maturation through a fabricated feeling of belonging, which ultimately leads to a true belonging. The reader sees how the girl grows from a childish "Frankie," to a disillusioned "F. Jasmine," and eventually to a matured Frances. When F. Jasmine questions Berenice as to why it is illegal to change one's name without consent of the court, the cook insightfully responds, "You have a name and one thing after another happens to you, and you behave in various ways and do various things, so that soon the name begins to have a meaning." No matter how we might change externals, it is only when our innermost feelings are altered that we truly change and grow.

Learn About Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs, Halyomorpha halys

Learn About Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs, Halyomorpha halys I have a peculiar fascination with stink bugs. My affection may be misplaced, however, because some stink bugs are pests of garden plants and fruit trees. One exotic species, the brown marmorated stink bug came to the U.S. recently and the agricultural industry is already on alert. Description: The adult brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, can be confused with other brown stink bugs. To identify this species accurately, examine its antennae for alternating bands of light and dark on the last two segments. Adults are a blotchy brown color, with alternating light and dark markings along the edges of the abdomen. They grow to 17mm in length. In its U.S. range, Halyomorpha halys adults may be observed from spring to September. In the fall, they may invade houses and other structures. Find stink bugs in your home in the fall, and theres a good chance youve got brown marmorated stink bugs. First and second instars appear tick-like, but yellowish or reddish in color. The final three instars (five total) become darker and closer in appearance to the adults. Older nymphs have banded legs and antennae and abdominal markings like adults. Clusters of light green eggs may be found from June to August. If you do find a brown marmorated stink bug, keep the insect in a vial or jar and report the find to your local extension office. This insect has the potential to become a serious agricultural pest, and scientists are tracking its spread. Classification: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - HemipteraFamily - PentatomidaeGenus - HalyomorphaSpecies - H. halys Diet: Brown marmorated stink bugs feed on plants by piercing fruits and stems. The long list of host plants favored by this insect makes it a significant agricultural pest if populations get too large. Host plants include a variety of fruit and shade trees, as well as other woody ornamentals and even legumes. Known food sources include pear, peach, apricot, cherry, mulberry, persimmon, and apple trees; Buddleia, honeysuckle, Rosa rugosa, and abelia shrubs; raspberries and grapes; and legumes including soybeans and beans. Life Cycle: The brown marmorated stink bug undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. In the U.S., only a single life cycle occurs per year. However, in its native Asia, five life cycles per year have been observed. As H. halys spreads south, more life cycles per year are likely. Eggs - The female lays barrel-shaped eggs in masses of 25-30, on the undersides of leaves.Nymphs - Nymphs emerge 4-5 days after eggs are laid. Each instar lasts about one week.Adults - Adults fly, and become sexually mature about two weeks after their final molt. The female lays eggs at one-week intervals. She can lay as many as 400 eggs in a season. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Like other cousins in the Pentatomidae family, brown marmorated stink bugs possess glands in the thorax capable of producing malodorous compounds. When handled or crushed, stink bugs release this foul-smelling secretion. Their coloration provides camouflage from predators, such as birds. Habitat: Fruit tree orchards, soybean fields, and other areas where host plants occur, including the home landscape. Range: The brown marmorated stink bug is native to eastern Asia, existing in China, Japan, and Korea. Halyomorpha halys has been detected in 42 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces.   Other Common Names: Yellow-brown stink bug, East Asian stink bug Sources: Regional Pest Alert: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Northeastern IPM CenterBrown Marmorated Stink Bug - A New Exotic Insect in New Jersey, Rutgers Cooperative Extension FS002Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, University of FloridaBrown Marmorated Stink Bug, Penn state University

The Combining Form -pod

The Combining Form -pod The Combining Form -pod The Combining Form -pod By Maeve Maddox The Greek and Latin words for leg and foot have given English the combining form -pod. Some words formed with -pod entered English earlier, but a great many were coined in the nineteenth century as the study of entomology and paleontology expanded. Here are a few, with their literal meanings and the date of their earliest citation in the OED. arthropod 1861 (arthro=joint) Insects, spiders, and crustaceans are arthropods. cephalopod 1826 (cephal=head) Cephalopods are creatures like octopus and squid whose â€Å"legs† are attached directly to their heads. diplopod 1864 (diplo=double) Diplopods have numerous legs, attached in pairs on each segment of the body. Thousand-leggers (millipedes) are diplopods. gastropod 1826 (gastro=stomach) A snail is a gastropod. It moves along with a single muscular â€Å"foot† attached to its abdomen. hexapod 1668 (hex=six) Insects are hexapods. isopod 1835 (iso=equal) An isopod has seven pairs of equal and similarly placed thoracic legs. A familiar isopod is the roly-poly (aka woodlouse/pillbug). myriapod (myria=10,000) Some of these pod words overlap. A myriapod, like a diplopod, has a lot of legs attached in pairs to the segments of their bodies. octopod 1817 (octo=eight) Literally â€Å"eight-legged,† an octopod is a cephalopod with eight tentacles. ornithopod 1886 (ornith=bird) This name attaches to plant-eating dinosaurs with bird-shaped hips, three- or four-toed feet, powerful teeth and jaws and lack of such features as armor plating. polypod 1612 (poly=many) Any animal with several feet is a polypod. pseudopod 1874 (pseudo=false) The one-celled amoeba moves by extending bits of its central blob and using them as feet. pteropod 1833 (ptero=wing) These are sea mollusks whose â€Å"feet† have side projections that look like wings. Some pteropods have the lovely common names of â€Å"sea butterflies† and â€Å"sea angels.† sauropod 1884 (sauro=lizard) Literally â€Å"lizard-footed,† the sauropods were the really big dinosaurs, like Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, and Brontosaurus. Note: The Diplodocus got its name from a peculiarity of its tail bones. The word combines diplo, double+ dokos, beam. theropod 1891 (ther=beast) Theropods are the carnivorous dinosaurs whose feet resembled those of quadrupeds rather than birds. Other English words contain the element pod as a prefix or suffix, but this post focuses on animals. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

The Odyssey, by Homer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Odyssey, by Homer - Essay Example This is certainly something Telemachus would do later on in the story when he would help Odysseus not only defeat the suitors but also show himself to be a good son. The irony in the passage comes across quite clearly when we realize that Achilles was indeed the mightiest of warriors and essentially had god like qualities of strength and bravery. However, in death he is little more than a weak spirit who is helpless to assist his father or even to know how his son is doing. The finality of death and of losing your abilities which you had once is an allusion to how mortality is perhaps is the ultimate answer to hubris as all living humans, regardless of their strength, abilities or heroics, must die. The external connections of this passage are varied and many since they not only describe the parentage of Achilles, they also discuss his progeny. Achilles is noted by Odysseus to have been quite a hero who was revered as much as the gods themselves. The passage also reminds us that Odysseus has not yet reached home which is the seemingly never-ending quest he is engaged in. Rugged Ithaca eludes him as much as the news about the son of Achilles eludes Achilles. Thus the passage certainly refers to earlier parts of the same tale while pushing the idea that Achilles is an important character in some other story. That story of course is the Iliad which is a part of the greater tale of the Battle of Troy itself. It also shows the great respect that Odysseus had for Achilles since even after his death Odysseus considers Achilles to be a prince amongst the dead. The most moving element of the entire passage is that even though Achilles is dead, he does not want to be so since he has lost all that he had and the realm of the dead has nothing to offer him. Moreover, his lack of information about his lordly son and even his dear father certainly troubles him since he does not know if his father has managed to keep a hold of the empire he had or if he has lost it

Henry Ford Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Ford - Research Paper Example His deeds towards his workers made him a humanitarian in the eyes of many as he worked towards alleviating the poor from poverty through better pay and working conditions. His consistency and innovative mind ensured the success of his company over the years even after his death in 1947. Henry ford and ford motor company are two names that forever changed the history of human mobility. Ford changed not only the motor vehicle industry but also industrialization in general. Ford was born in 1863 in Greenfield Michigan (Curcio, 2013). His parents were of Irish and Belgian descent. His engineering expertise emerged early in life where by 15 years he was able to repair watches. However, his ingenuity was often cut short by the constant farm duties. Ford, at 16 years, went to Detroit for greener pastures. He undertook a series of jobs both during the day and in the evening. He particularly loved repairing watches and this made him famous and scooped him the much needed supplemental income. Ford left Detroit three years later to work as a steam engine operator. Henry Ford rose from a humble background and followed his interest in machines to become an engineer and later founded Ford Motor Company which he steered to glory through critical and witty decision making and stra tegy formulation and implementation. His enthusiasm and interest in knowing more about such engines saw him acquire a job at Westinghouse to service their engines. He still worked in the farm although this was far away from his passion. By now he had married Clara Bryant and they settled on an expansive piece of land offered by Ford’s father. They were to stay there so far as they used the land for farming activities. Ford seized the opportunity and cut the many trees on the land for commercial purposes. Unfortunately, there were no more trees left and since he disliked farming, he went back to the city. This dislike of farming led him

Extinction of a Conditioned Stimulus Essay Example for Free

Extinction of a Conditioned Stimulus Essay Method: In this experiment, an untrained rat was utilized in order to display the Movement Ratio. 1 stage was selected with ten (10) trials. Each trial had a five (5) minute interval between trials to allow the rat to recover from the medium intensity shock. A medium intensity tone was selected as the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) selected to precede the Unconditioned Stimulus (US), a medium intensity shock. Stage 2 was selected with thirty (30) trials. Each had a five (5) minute interval between trials to allow the rat to recover from the medium intensity shock. A medium intensity tone was selected as the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) to precede the new Unconditioned Stimulus (US), no stimulus. Hypothesis: In the first set of trials, Sniffy will learn to associate the tone with shock; illustrating fear-related behavior or freezing behavior at the tone. In the second set of trials, stage 2, elimination of a conditioned response (CR) (freezing or fear-related behavior) learned in the first set of trials will occur by repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. Results: In the first set of trials; the increase from 0 to 0.7 in the Movement Ratio illustrates that the tone CS, is acquiring the capacity to induce freezing behavior and other fear-related behaviors. As the movement ratio increases, the CS response strength mind window show that the tone’s capacity to elicit fear as a psychological process is increasing. In the second set of trials; the movement ratio window illustrates that repeatedly presenting the CS without the US causes the CS to gradually stop eliciting the freezing and other fear-related behavior. The CS Response Strength mind window shows that this behaviors change is the result of the CS’s losing its capacity to elicit the fear response. Independent Variable (IV) – first trial = shock; second trail = none Dependent variable (DV) – first and second; fear-related behavior, freezing behavior The movement ratio is the proportion of time during each CS presentation that Sniffy is frozen or manifesting other fear-related behaviors.

Purpose of the Monetary and Fiscal Policies in America :: Economy

Purpose of the Monetary and Fiscal Policies in America The Monetary and Fiscal Policies, although controlled by two different organizations, are the ways that our economy is kept under control. Both policies have their strengths and weaknesses, some situations favoring use of both policies, but most of the time, only one is necessary. The monetary policy is the act of regulating the money supply by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, currently headed by Alan Greenspan. One of the main responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System is to regulate the money supply so as to keep production, prices, and employment stable. The â€Å"Fed† has three tools to manipulate the money supply. They are the reserve requirement, open market operations, and the discount rate. The most powerful tool available is the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement is the percentage of money that the bank is not allowed to loan out. If it is lowered, banks are required to keep less money, and so more money is put out into circulation (theoretically). If it is raised, then banks may have to collect on some loans to meet the new reserve requirement. The tool known as open market operations influences money and credit operations by buying and selling of government securities on the open market. This is used to control overall money supply. If the Fed believes there is not enough money in circulation, then they will buy the securities from member banks. If the Fed believes there is too much money in the economy, they will sell the

Philosophy of the movie Big Fish Essay

The philosophical twist of mixing fact with fairy tale in story telling put a great spin on the plot. It gave the director the ability to make the impossible seem probable! The movie is about a very interesting father named Ed whom loves to tell facts with a little bit of flavor, as quoted in the movie. However we portray them as tall tales, but since he tells them with such a seriousness and attachment to his own life you want to believe them. However the son, will, does not enjoy these stories. He believes they are all lies which create a detachment between him and his father. But as the movie goes on, the real question for will to discover is, are all these stories really fake. Inspired by the scientific phenomena of a gold fish growing in accordance to the size of its surroundings, Ed applies this theory to his life and embarks on a journey to satisfy his ambition! In this journey we witness Ed convincing a giant to leave town and be partner in discovering life, finding a hidden town that had lush grass for streets, catching a fish with his wedding ring, or viewing his final hours in the eyes of a â€Å"witch†. The stories in this movie are good examples of improbable stories with poetic truths. For example in the story of the fish, we learn that to catch the uncatchable women you have to give her a ring! The movie does a great job of blurring â€Å"fact† with â€Å"fiction†. For instance, if we were to view the stories in this movie as real life, how would we react? In my opinion with my realist mentality, I would look at these stories and believe they are complete nonsense! But, if I took a step back and try to look at the stories with the most objective mind I can, the possibilities of these stories actually happening seem more probable. Use the story of the witch and her futuristic eyeball. There is a spiritual realm that is all around us. Is it crazy to think that some woman could have been in touch with, let’s say evil spirits, which gives her the power to scare people with visions? Or is it really impossible for a man to catch a fish with a shiny object? Or is it really impossible for a town to be self-sufficient, maintain healthy grass, and not build any streets? I would like to think so! So with that being said, the concept of there not being much of a distinction between â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† would be true! As the movie concludes we find out, just like will, that these stories are in fact true. When Will attends his father’s funeral he sees the Giant, the Siamese twins, Winslow the poet, and many more of the story characters! However all of the character appeared different in real life compared to the â€Å"Flavorful Facts†. Nonetheless, this confirmed his father’s stories showing the small distinction between fact and fiction! It is at this time Will’s eyes are opened and it gives him the ability to see poetic truths behind the stories. In the end we hear will’s son telling friends one of Ed’s stories, and Will concludes with this phrase, â€Å"A man tells his stories so many times that he becomes his stories—they live on after him and in that way he becomes immortal. †

Nau company

Ana Innovating for Social Consciousness By Alex Claws Can a for-profit enterprise succeed if its main innovation is valuing social consciousness as much as shareholder returns? The question is particularly relevant in a time of high gas prices and a growing sense that our current consumption of natural resources is simply unsustainable. The founders of Ana, a fledgling retail outerwear company, believed the answer to this question to be a resounding mimes. Built with an unprecedented level of environmental, social, and human-rights unconsciousness, by April 2008 Ana was an underground success on the West Coast, opening five stores and a website selling critically acclaimed clothing collections. Then, at the beginning of May, Nan's board of directors voted to shut down the company. Viewed through Insight's lenses, Nan's promise becomes clear-?along with the perils that led to its downfall. Ana had a reasonable business model built around a well-defined Job-to-be-done. But as will beco me clear, Ana didn't follow an emergent strategy.And Nan's management discovered that a business model that looks good on paper doesn't always translate into immediate profits. Ultimately, a lack of careful execution and a push for quick expansion doomed Nan's first incarnation. But the story of Ana is still unfolding. Ana 2. 0 is currently underway, and that venture appears to have a better chance of success. The Launch Ana (Maori for â€Å"welcome†) began with the dream of Eric Reynolds, an outdoor enthusiast entrepreneur, co-founder (in 1974) of outerwear brand Marmot, and subscriber to the belief that a single individual can have an impact on the world.In the summer of 2003, Reynolds conceived of Ana, a sustainable clothing company that would donate a significant portion of its revenue to nonprofit organizations. Specifically, Reynolds envisioned customers presented with a unique question at point-of-sale: â€Å"To which organization should ‘my five percent' go? â €  By giving five percent of its revenue to nonprofits, Ana would break new ground. (For comparison, the most generous corporations give away one percent of revenue, with the average corporation giving less than . 05 percent. ) In the summer of 2004, Reynolds began recruiting a management team.In 2005, he hired a number of individuals away from Patagonia, a firm commonly considered a leader in outerwear, social consciousness, ND charitable giving. Chris Van Dyke (son of actor Dick Van Dyke), an ex-Nikkei employee 1 and ex-Patagonia vice president of branding and marketing, was hired as CEO. Mark Calibrating, a successful Patagonia designer, Joined Ana as lead designer. Patagonians director of marketing, Ian Yells, Joined as vice president of marketing. Nan's commitment to sustainability framed the constraints within which Calibrating worked as he designed Nan's clothing collection.Calibrating avoided any materials that weren't renewable or recyclable while seeking a balance betwe en performance, sustainability, and style. As a result, nearly all of the 30 fabrics utilized in Nan's clothing collection were custom materials developed specifically for Ana. The fabrics -?made from corn, recycled plastic bottles, 100 percent organic wool, and recycled synthetics-?set a new standard for sustainability. Nan's clothing creation process led to a number of innovations, including the elimination of solvent-based adhesives.The efforts of Calibrating and his team were rewarded-?Nan's first collection received critical praise from such disparate sources as Men's Vogue and Rock and Ice magazines. One downside: The fabric choices greatly constrained the range of colors possible, resulting in mostly drab hues. Nan's custom fabrics also required that customers pay a substantial premium for their clothing, but Nan's management team did not see this as a problem for its target customer segments: the affluent â€Å"multidimensional outdoor athlete,† the â€Å"new activis t,† and â€Å"creative. The Ana team expected that their customers' passion for sustainability would overcome any price resistance. Nan's commitment to sustainability was enforced as carefully in its stores as in its clothing. The company eschewed traditional 4,000-square-foot retail stores for a 2,000-square-foot â€Å"Webfoot† concept. The store spaces were long and narrow, designed purposefully with limited space for inventory that would be restocked twice weekly. Ana also offered customers a 10 percent discount and free shipping if they were willing to try clothing in the store, and then purchase it online.Assembled from a modular, prefabricated design, each store featured energy-saving lighting and leveraged materials such as reclaimed timber, toxin-free fiberboard, and recycled resin (for mannequins). Customers were offered a choice of 12 carefully selected environmental, social, and humanitarian nonprofit organizations, and five percent of the purchase price was donated to the chosen group. Nan's values extended to its real estate leasing strategy as well-?Ana only leased store space that was LED-certified (LED certification indicates environmental- and health-consciousness standards).The company also set a minimum age limit for the workers at its overseas material suppliers. Nan's principles included the constraint that the highest-paid worker within the company could only earn a maximum of 12 mimes the lowest-paid employee's salary. Finally, Ana did not invest in marketing or public relations beyond a series of websites, choosing instead to rely on word-of- mouth, a more â€Å"sustainable† form of marketing in the eyes of Yells and his team.While Ana managed to be remarkably consistent in the infusion of its values into its processes, one of the key factors in its eventual downfall was that the company had a difficult time securing financing. At least one investor's legal counsel balked at a contract clause that placed the â€Å" needs of society' equal to the â€Å"needs of shareholders,† but Ana held firm. 2 Nan's business plan called for it to earn more than $250 million in revenue in 2010 and to achieve profitability in 2009 or 2010, figures based on opening four stores in 2007, 20 stores in 2008, and 150 stores by 2010.To build the necessary momentum toward these goals, Ana needed at least $51 million in funding. By the end of 2006, Ana had raised $24 million, largely from â€Å"super angels,† individual investors who included the chairman of Seagate Technology, Steve Lucid, and Stephen Gomez, Nan's chairman and a former Nikkei corporate vice president. Despite the fact that Ana had only reached half of its funding goal, the first Ana store penned in Boulder, Colorado, in January 2007, with three more successful store openings following during the year in Adulating, Oregon; Chicago; and Bellevue, Washington.Ana completed its first year of operation in 2007 with 92 employees, four clothing collections, and four stores. In March 2008, Ana donated $223,000 to its 12 nonprofit organizations, implying 2007 sales of around $4. 5 million. In mid-April, Ana opened its fifth store in Los Angels. In late April 2008, despite raising an additional $10 million in funding, Ana announced that it would scale back its store- peeing plans to a total of five in 2008, down from an already-reduced projection of 10.Finally, on May 1, Nan's board of directors voted to â€Å"wind down its business operations,† citing â€Å"insurmountable financial obstacles. † All inventory was liquidated at 50 percent off and the stores were closed. Post-mortem interviews with Nan's executives suggest that the company was approximately $5 million to $10 million short of the funds needed to sustain its operations and open additional stores towards its goal of profitability.In the days following the decision, many customers commented on Nan's blob, expressing sadness, frustration, and anger and questioning why Ana had failed. Ana: The Post-Mortem Looking at Ana through Insight's business model innovation framework and a number of Insight lenses offers insight into how Ana developed such a devoted following as well as how the management team might have been able to ensure a brighter future for their company. Insight believes that business model innovation is one of the most powerful ways for organizations to achieve new growth.By carefully adjusting business model components-?the customer value proposition (the offering itself), the profit system (how the company creates value for itself), key resources (the critical things required to deliver on the value proposition), and key processes (how the company organizes and acts to deliver on the value proposition) -?organizations can build the type of competitive advantage necessary to create truly transformation growth. Nan's business model looked good-?on paper, at least.But Nan's impatient push for profits made it hard to re ally validate whether the business model would in fact work, and shut all opportunities for learning. Ana pulled the customer value proposition lever expertly. The company created potently positive solutions to a number of emotional, social, and functional Jobs-to- be-done. The sustainability of Nan's operations and products set a new standard of satisfaction for the emotional Job â€Å"Feel good about 3 the environmental and social consciousness of my clothing. Nan's clothing also satisfied the social Job â€Å"Convey to others that I prioritize the sustainability of my clothing over its color and flash. † And, as lauded by Rock and Ice magazine, Nan's clothing also satisfied myriad functional Jobs related to comfort and technical performance. Since its sustainable materials carried up to a 20-percent price premium over more commercially available materials, Ana had to pass the premium along to customers.But Nan's management team was correct in assuming that the high qualit y and the redeeming social and environmental value of its clothing Justified that premium in the eyes of customers -?as long as the economy was robust enough that sufficient customers could afford it. And Ana broke new ground with its â€Å"Webfoot† stores by implementing a retail business model that required lower capital and operational expenditures than a traditional retail store model. But there was a significant downside to Nan's profit-system choices.Insight recommends that new ventures â€Å"be patient for growth, impatient for profit. † Nan's management expected the company to have 150 stores in operation by 2010, but did not expect profitability until 2009 at the earliest. Growth was thus essential to profitability, creating a significant risk of failure if the company could not reach its early-stage funding goals. Insight also recommends that new ventures pursue an emergent strategy, to take small steps by conducting inexpensive tests of its key assumptions a bout the new racket.When the test results are in, the venture can analyze the results, adjust its strategy accordingly, and then conduct additional tests. This careful approach helps new ventures optimize for success while avoiding huge, potentially fatal resource commitments. In Nan's case, an emergent strategy might have enabled the firm to consume its funding more slowly while developing an optimal strategy. Instead, the team decided to go straight to launching full Webfoot's rather than testing the clothing line in a department store or opening a single, test-store concept.The root cause for the failure of Ana 1. 0 seems to have been that Nan's business strategy and some of its business model decisions proved questionable. By following a more careful, emergent strategy and by focusing on profitability before growth, Nan's executives might have been able to strike a better balance between vision and execution. Ana 2. 0: On June 24, 2008, Nan's fortunes turned around. Horny Toad A ctivities, a Santa Barbara-based lifestyle clothing company, stepped in to buy Nan's assets with the goal of re-launching a modified version of Ana by late summer. While â€Å"Ana 2. † Is gust beginning to emerge, early signs suggest that the re-launch will follow a strategy more closely aligned to that which Insight would recommend for success. Horny Toad creates and sells men's and women's lifestyle and outerwear clothing. Horny Toad's tagging, â€Å"every day is an adventure,† introduces a humorous, irreverent, socially-conscious approach that lies at the core of everything the company does. Indeed, Horny Toad and Ana have much in common. Horny Toad's stated commitment to â€Å"lightening its environmental footprint† and to 4 supporting both the community and organizations that improve the world immediately suggest synergies.Much as Ana showcased the organizations chosen for customer contributions, the Horny Toad website highlights its support for causes rang ing from helping adults with developmental disabilities to supporting clean energy, with a wide range of other environmental and community-activist organizations in between. However, in contrast to Nan's commitment to sell its clothing solely through a growing number of its own stores, Horny Toad has only two stores and sells its clothing in a wide variety of online and brick-and-mortar retailers. In addition to a store inFreeport, Maine, Horny Toad runs the â€Å"Lizard Lounge† in Portland, Oregon, complete with music, wireless access, coffee, and ping-pong. Horny Toad clothing has been lauded for its hip funkiness by print publications and blobs alike. Recognizing the similarities between Ana and Horny Toad, Horny Toad felt that it would support its motto â€Å"do well by doing good† by purchasing Nan's assets and hiring its leadership to help re-launch the clothing line. In addition to providing financial support, Horny Toad will sell Ana clothing in the Lizard Loun ge and, in a break from Nan's original treated, through other retailers as well.And, with Horny Toad's support, a percentage of Ana sales will continue to go to worthy non-profits. According to Nan's â€Å"Thought Kitchen† blob, shortly after the relationship was finalized Ana leadership began working to resurrect relationships with company partners and to put together a Fall/Holiday clothing collection in time for October availability. While the Ana clothing line will continue to deliver on the â€Å"Beauty, Performance, and Sustainability' commitment through the use of environmentally friendly and socially conscious trials and methods, a quote from Nan's website gets to the heart of why Ana 2. May very well succeed while 1. 0 failed: â€Å"As we move forward with the re-launch of Ana, you'll definitely recognize us, but we intend to do some things differently†¦ We're going to start small and grow the business organically in relationship to the demand for our product. We'll continue to sell our product at Ana. Com, but we're also going to partner with select retailers who share our common goals. We will not be operating our own retail stores, at least not in the near term†¦ So stay tuned. We're coming back. Smaller and a little wiser, our ambitions tempered a bit by the experience, but our passions most definitely intact. Ana 2. G's strategy will most likely enable the brand to focus more closely on identifying the product, marketing, and channel mix that appeals most to customers, without worrying about the pressures of rapid expansion. Particularly in a new venture, vision and passion tempered by patience and pragmatism is the way to go. This approach is also particularly appropriate in these tough economic times. Satisfying social and emotional Jobs-to-be-done around environmental friendliness ND social consciousness may be enough to earn significant premiums for clothing in a strong economy.However, during an economic downturn, financia l reality frequently wins out as consumers prioritize value over the satisfaction of some social and emotional Jobs. 5 For example, since the economy began to sour, Whole Foods Market has seen some of its consumers move their food spending to more budget-friendly alternatives. Whole Foods has responded by shifting its marketing strategy from a focus on quality and environmental friendliness to an emphasis on discounts, store brands, and reduce value as it attempts to keep its customers.Even if Ana 1. 0 had received enough funding earlier in 2008 to continue operations, economic conditions would likely have pushed the enterprise to the breaking point, as has happened with many other fledgling clothing boutiques. When Ana 1. 0 launched, its management team made an impressive commitment to the company's values, taking steps such as tracing the wool used in its clothing back to the sheep to ensure that they were well-treated and implementing a â€Å"sustainable† word-of-mouth mar keting strategy.To launch the new Ana, it is clear that the team as had to compromise on some of its values, such as the control provided by company-owned storefronts, a grassroots-only marketing effort, and potentially the level of contribution to nonprofits. In the end, however, the Ana 2. 0 strategy, with the help of Horny Toad, may be the key to enabling the company's sustainable operation. Making their operations as sustainable as their values will help ensure that Ana is able to be a force for good in the world for a long time to come. For more information: http://www. Ana. Com/coming-this-fall. HTML (Accessed 8/29/08, 1 :41 pm) http:// www. Gibbousness. Com/CGI-bin/magma/article. Pl? Articled=30412; http:// gratifiers. Com/content/fullest/? Acid=50781 6 Innovator's Insight In Need of an Innovation Fill-up By Stephen Hunker Recent news that Consulship's will be selling all 600 of its U. S. Service stations for $800 million comes as little surprise. Oil companies are facing ext raordinarily attractive investment opportunities in exploration and production, and the service station business has been tightly squeezed between rising wholesale costs, inability to pass along those cost increases, and falling demand as driving declines.Clearly the station's buyer-?closely held Peterson Fuel-?sees it differently. We do too. In our view, Peterson Fuel is buying cheap assets with lots of innovation headroom. While â€Å"stick to your knitting† is a popular business maxim, it is of course common to find diversified businesses. There are several reasons diversification can make sense: ; If the new business can share costs and customers with the core business-? in this case, owning both enterprises can provide scale economies, improve distribution, create a better buying experience, and other advantages.This is why many European parameters have service stations outside their doors, for example. ; If the new business provides a useful hedge against a core with vo latile returns but a need for consistent investment. This explains why many pharmaceutical firms own over-the-counter consumer healthcare brands. ; By diversifying, a firm can hold on to a seemingly unrelated business because it sees substantial headroom for growth and a right to triumph in that arena. This is one reason News Corporation bought Namespace. Historically, oil companies owned service stations for each of these reasons.The end nonuser drove demand, and having direct access to that consumer allowed firms to exercise some control over demand levels while also gaining precise information about what products were demanded where. Profits from service stations could offset volatility in exploration and production. Also, the advent of convenience stores at service stations created a new high-margin business. Each of these Justifications for integration now seems threatened by changes such as improved information technology, more efficient capital markets, and communication of t he service station experience.With supermarket-owned service stations now coming to the United States, oil companies face new competitors who may even sell gasoline at a loss in order to drive traffic into their stores. In the I-J, pressure from supermarkets is a factor leading to the net closure of 600 service stations per year. The service station business is looking much less attractive than it used to. So, what might Peterson Fuel be thinking? We imagine two major Justifications for the investment. First, if oil prices decline, the profit margins on service stations may rise, and Peterson will have bought valuable assets for a song.Second, there may be much more innovation headroom in this business than oil companies have traditionally assumed. For instance, Fullness Media International offers local news, weather, and sports on screens at pumps at a few hundred stations. Fullness pays the retailer and shows ads to this highly captive audience. Shell is experimenting with fuel pu mps that are activated simply by a swipe of a fingerprint. Dutch inventors have created a robotic arm that finds a car's fuel cap, unscrews it, and automatically pumps gas. Regional fuel retailer Sheets differentiates itself through premium coffee and made- o-order sandwiches.Another retailer, Valier, is piloting 5,000-square-foot convenience stores with fully nonwhite of the space dedicated to fresh food and other perishables. Oil companies would be well-served by thinking through how well the jobs of their customers are getting done, and whether they can De-commoditized the service station business through new propositions or re-definition of the competitive set. Looking through this lens, we can imagine how a mother could prefer a certain service station because it offers very fast, targeted entertainment for bored children n the back seat, or how a senior might prefer one with very brightly lit displays.The advent of electric- and fuel-cell-powered vehicles opens further possibi lities for using service station real estate in new ways. Look at how Best Buy reconciled what an electronics retailer could be, and how it escaped industry communication in the process. While Wall-Mart and others cut prices ruthlessly, Best Buy rolled out Geek Squad-?a service tightly integrated with its retailing business that addressed a wide swath of unsatisfied Jobs its customers faced post-sale. It also became a place to try new videotapes. The store is even trying to become a hub for musicians buying electric guitars and other gear.In the process, the company increased revenue 92 percent over five years, almost entirely through internally generated growth. It turned out that electronics retailing wasn't a commodity business at all. Sometimes a dog business is Just a dog business. MM spun off its floppy disk and magnetic tape business in 1996, and that turned out to be a smart move. But we find it hard to believe that there is little room for profitable innovation in a retail business that hundreds of millions consumers have to visit on a regular basis.When the finance people come knocking, looking to sell downtrodden assets and invest the proceeds in high-flying businesses, lock the doors for a bit. The business may indeed have few prospects. On the other hand, it may support the core business in many oblique but important ways, and it may have far more innovation headroom left to exploit. – â€Å"Consulship's Will Sell Its Company-owned Service Stations†, by Brett Clayton, Houston Chronicle, August 27, 2008 (http://www. Chronic. Com/disk/story. Ml/business/energy/5969574. HTML) 8 â€Å"Finding the Right Job for your Product†, by Clayton Christensen, Scott Anthony, Gerald Brewster and Denies Meetinghouse, Sloan Management Review, Spring 2007 (http://www. Insight. Com/innovation_resources/research. HTML? Id=167) 9 Innovators' Update A Good Start for Amazon AMP Amazon's digital music store keeps sailing on the winds of industry change s Insight #98 from October 2007, â€Å"Handicapping Amazon's Low-Cost Music Store,† suggested that Amazon might find the results of its then newly launched music download store disappointing. What has happened since?By Renee Hopkins Callahan When Amazon launched its Amazon AMP online music download store in September 007, we were skeptical. At the time, Apple had sold more than 100 million pods and tunes had a lock on the online music market. Amazon AMP planned to sell music free of Digital Rights Management (DORM) protection-?a limited supply, since at the time only one of the four major music labels had agreed to make its music available without DORM protection. Amazon AMP seemed unlikely to succeed with a business model focused on undercutting tunes on price, selling songs for 89 cents instead of 99 cents.We were right that the low-cost strategy would not put much of a dent in the popularity of Tunes. Yet circumstances in the year since its launch have helped Amazon refine its strategy and offer a preview of possible success. According to NYPD Group research released in late July, tunes remains on top of the music retail pack. It is the largest music retailer in the world and it sells at least 90 percent of digital downloads in the U. S. However, the same research showed that Amazon AMP has grown to be the fourth-largest retailer of music in the U. S. , behind tunes, Walter, and Best Buy.That puts Amazon AMP in second place for online music download sales. And while here's still a huge gap in volume between tunes and Amazon AMP-?with Amazon's share of the market in single digits-?Amazon is in the game. However, Amazon hasn't accomplished that by stealing tunes customers. Russ Cropping, an entertainment industry analyst for NYPD, said in an April 2008 report that only about 10 percent of Amazon AMP customers used to be tunes users, with the other 90 percent likely to be people who had been using other services or were new to digital downloading.Amazon AMP attracts young adults age 18 to 25, while tunes' strongest demographic is teens age 13 to 17, another April 2008 study said. Amazon has likely benefited from winds of change blowing in the music industry. A number of analysts have speculated that the industry sees Amazon as an ally in an effort to break Apple's dominance in digital music. It would seem counterintuitive that the music industry would want to bypass its richest retail channel. But some of Apple's practices cut profits for the major labels.In late August, the Wall Street Journal reported on a growing trend in the music business: labels deliberately withholding some of their music from tunes. The article cites several cases in which albums were either not made available on Tunes or were pulled. Why? While consumers strongly prefer purchasing music by song, music label executives, managers and even some artists dislike the tunes policy that requires that music be made available by the song as well 10 as by the album, because profit margins for single-song sales aren't nearly as good as the margins for album sales.Meanwhile, Amazon AMP lets labels sell music the way they want to. If a label wishes to make an artist's work available only by the album, Amazon AMP allows it. Some of the music that the labels have been withholding from tunes is ending up on Amazon AMP. The DORM issue has worked to Amazon's benefit as well. Apple's tunes has historically sold Deteriorated downloads. Such encoding means that songs downloaded on tunes cannot be played on other AMP devices. Apple has worked to persuade the major labels to drop DORM, though it still seeks to keep tunes the only source of song downloads for the pod.At the time that Amazon AMP launched, only MIME, one of the four major music labels, had announced it would drop DORM protection on its music. By early January 2008, a few months after Amazon AMP launched, the three other major labels-universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and Sony BMW- dro pped DORM. That meant their music could be made available on Amazon AMP, which does not use DORM, and which features free software that delivers a customer's AMP file directly to their tunes library.Meanwhile, according to a May 30 Macdonald magazine story, â€Å"Sony, Universal, and Warner continue to withhold the unencumbered tracks from Apple, choosing instead to back tuner's rivals. † Amazon may have more surprises up its virtual sleeve. In late July, Fortune magazine reported that Amazon was in talks with Namespace about becoming the social networking giant's download store partner hen it rolls out its highly anticipated Joint venture with Universal, Warner Music and Sony BMW in September.If the deal goes through, it puts Amazon in a good position to continue nipping at Apple's heels. According to the Fortune report, Namespace plans to let its 120 million users stream entire songs before downloading them. That potentially changes the convenience trade-off for the Namespa ce customers in Amazon's favor, because they would be able to buy a song and get it into their computer's music manager, even tunes, with one click using Amazon's software. Those who wanted to use tunes would have to leave Namespace and physically go to Tunes to accomplish the same end.Clearly, we underestimated the desire of other companies to develop a reasonable Number Two to Apple, a position that Amazon AMP seems to have grown into in the last year. If Amazon can figure out more ways to capitalize on its toehold position in the digital music business,

The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays, Term Papers

The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays, Term Papers The Atomic Bomb American Military History Position Paper No. 5 The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. But that attack is only a warning of things to come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her industries and, unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be lost. Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war, against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of warfare. We have used it to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japans power to make war. Only a Japanese surrender will make us stop.1 With this statement, Harry S. Truman changed the course of world warfare. The most devastating weapon ever created had just been dropped on Japan. On the same day, the United States dropped a second bomb on the coastal city of Nagasaki. Within a few days, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender and World War II was concluded. However, the debate over the use of the bomb had just began. Should the United States have dropped such a bomb on another human civilization? The devastation of the bombs were quickly realized. After the Enola Gay dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima, four square miles of a seven square mile city disappeared and 80,000 people died instantly with the remaining population of the city left to suffer from the effects of radiation.2 Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, instantly killing another 40,000 to 75,000 people.3 Scholars have argued the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan for suspect reasons and may not have been needed to bring Japan to surrender. In this paper the author will attempt to prove the United States dropped the bomb on Japan for many reasons. However, the main reason the United 1 Truman, Harry S, Public Statement concerning the bombing of Hiroshima, 8/9/45, The Public Papers of the Presidents, Harry S. Truman, 1945, pg. 212. 2 Stokesbury, James L., A Short History of World War II, (New York, 1980), pg. 375. States dropped the bomb on Japan was to save American lives from an assault on the Japanese Islands. The first issue that must be explored in the debate over the atomic bomb is whether it was necessary to drop the bomb in the first place. American historian James Patterson argued in America in the Twentieth Century that the Japanese leaders knew by July 1945 that they would be unable to win the war against the United States and were moving in the direction of securing peace with the United States. Patterson also argued that the Japanese may have been willing to negotiate a peace on the condition that they could retain their emperor, which at that point the United States was unwilling to do. Patterson further points out that Truman, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin had agreed at the Potsdam meeting to allow the Japanese to retain their emperor. However, the Big Three did not issue this provision in the Potsdam Ultimatum, and Truman only told Japan to surrender or be completely destroyed. Therefore, according to Patterson, the United States wanted to drop the bomb to show the world the power of the United States.4 Along the same lines, World War II historian, Stephen Ambrose questioned the timing of the bombing in his book Rise to Globalism. Ambrose argued that the bomb may have been dropped prematurely. Despite his warning that an invasion of the Japanese Islands was imminent, Truman knew that the United States had no major military operation planned for Japan before the first of November, 1945. In addition, Ambrose argued, many observers felt that the planned declaration of war by Soviet Union on August 8 would convince Japan they could not survive an invasion from the north and from the south and would surrender. According to Ambrose, however, the world did not 3 Patterson, James T., America in the Twentieth Century, (Orlando, 1989), pg. 296. 4 Ibid. get the opportunity to see if Japan would have surrendered with the Soviet declaration, because Truman ordered the bomb to

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C#

What Does Null Mean in C, C and C# In computer programming, null is both a value and a pointer. Null is a built-in constant that has a value of zero. It is the same as the character 0 used to terminate strings in C. Null can also be the value of a pointer, which is the same as zero unless the CPU supports a special bit pattern for a null pointer. What Is a Null Value? In a database, zero is a value. The value null means that no value exists. When used as a value, null is not a memory location. Only pointers hold memory locations.  Without a null character, a string would not correctly terminate, which would cause problems. What Is a Null Pointer? The C and C programming, a pointer is a variable that holds a memory location. The null pointer is a pointer that intentionally points to nothing. If you dont have an address to assign to a pointer, you can use null. The null value avoids memory leaks and crashes in applications that contain pointers. An example of a null pointer in C is: #include int main() {   Ã‚  int  *ptr NULL;   Ã‚  printf(The value of ptr is %u,ptr);   Ã‚  return 0; } Note: In C, the null macro may have the type void* but this is not allowed in C. Null in C# In C#, null means no object. Information about null and its usages in C# include: You cannot use 0 instead of null in your programs even though null is represented by the value 0.You can use null with any reference type including arrays, strings, and custom types.In C#, null is not the same as the constant zero.

Discussion 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion 4 - Essay Example He established a new social hierarchy system. This was different from what prevailed in the time of his predecessors. His new social hierarchy was based on talent and he himself chose the most able generals, scientists, wealthy men and former nobles as senators. He also introduced a new system of hierarchy of noble titles. These titles could be inherited but they had also had to be supported with wealth. Able and favored generals were often rewarded with estates in conquered territories. He also appointed his sons to exotic positions. His most impressive and long last achievement was the introduction of Civil Code also called Napoleonic Code that was completed in 1804. Under the code property rights, religious freedom and uniform laws of Freedom provided equal treatment for adult males but reduced the rights of women, children and employees. On the battle ground, he went way beyond his predecessors. He did not imply that war, the leader must memorize all the details of past wars and emulate the completely, for instance those fought by Alexander, Hannibal, Ceasar, Turenne, and Frederick the Great. Napoleon was not a greater innovator as a soldier himself. Infact, he did not trust ideas, precisely why he disbanded the balloon companies inherited from the Armies of the Revolution and rejected Rover Fulton’s offer of submarines and naval mines.

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance Research Paper

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance - Research Paper Example It will be argued along with Leszl's claim that substance is more than just a category for logic, and that it is really an argument for the nature of being. There is no separating logic from ontology in Aristotle when it comes to substance and it with regard to ontology, substance is that which is constant set against everything else which changes. The context in which "first substance" emerges, concerns the "combination of words, expressions and phrases." (Categories, 1a16). Aristotle first divides these kategoriai of words, expressions and phrases by distinguishing how some predicates are are "present" in a subject, while others are "parts within a whole" (Categories, 1a20), which is marked by a difference between something "which cannot exist apart from the subject referred to", such as an attribute like "whiteness" (Categories, 1a24-1b2), and something which can be attributed but which is not found phenomenally "in a subject", such as predicating the species "man" to an individua l man, as a subject. Aristotle adds that there may also be predicates which can be asserted of a subject, and yet which are neither present physically, or related in a genus-individual relation. These kategoriai he raises as particular or individual expressions with a direct object, or direct reference: "this or that man or horse, for example" (Categories, 1b4), which is a form of predication related to both substance, and the mind, and will be outlined in more detail in the section dealing with De Anima. At this point in the Categories, Aristotle is explicit about this instance of substance as being "primary" (Categories, 1b11-13), and it is therefore a topic which is not a question for the agenda at hand, which are the rules of "combination of words, expressions and phrases"-- or, "secondary substance" (Categories, 1b14). He proceeds at this point to establish further specifications for the rules of predication, such as predicate of a subject, is also a predicate of a substance(Ca tegories, 1b9-15, 1b21-25), and how some predicates may help to differentiate genus's, but not species (Categories, 1b16-20), and finally how "each uncombined word or expression" will be determined by a particular form of possible predicate. Having covered the possible predicates in terms of their forms, relation via genus, species, and how whether the predicate is necessarily "present" in a subject or not, he addresses the criteria itself which determines all of these possible combination's and types of combination's, which is the first important step into substance-- a step which more clearly divides primary from secondary substances, and a division which can be characterized as a division between substance (primary) and subject (secondary). Aristotle gives the simple example that "`Footed', `two-footed' and `winged'" are attributes which are true of genus, but which do not allow for the distinction of a particular species, given that many species possess these attributes.(Categor ies, 1b16-20). Primary substance is more a topic proper to the Physics and Metaphysics, given that actual being and actual beings are the focus, not, as in the Categories with how these beings can be "expressed". As we shall see, the Metaphysics addresses

Theory Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory Research - Essay Example e research the social organisation theory and previous research that have been undertaken with regard to this theory, theories related to the social disorganisation discussed in this paper include the gang theory, the concentric zone theory, the cultural transmission theory and the differential social organisation concept. The Social disorganisation theory depicts that crime occurs as a result of failure by the society to organise its institutions, Assumptions of the social disorganisation theory on crime are that crime is caused by social factors, individuals in the society are unable to resist temptation and that the social structure in the society is unstable, according to the assumptions when crime occurs people blame the perpetrators and don’t blame on social disorganisation in the society, for this reason therefore it is almost impossible to identify the causes of crime. Robert Sampton (1997) developed the collective efficacy and social capital concepts, according to him collective efficacy referred to the maintenance of order in the society while social capital referred to the informal networks ties that exist in a society. He stated that a society must first achieve social capital in order to achieve collective efficacy, for this reason therefore he supported the social disorganisation theory by stating that modern societies lack social capital and therefore has not achieved social efficacy and this explains the existence of crime. The gang theory is also another theory that explains social disorganisation in the society. In this theory the various characteristics of gang behaviour include solidarity, shared traditions and cooperation. The theory depicts that gang’s start as groups and collected in certain areas of a society especially area between developed areas, for this reason the presence of gangs can explain the existence of high crime rates in certain regions. The concentric zone theory also explain the existence of crime due to social