Molecular Modelling: Explained

Molecular Modelling: Explained Molecular modelling is one of the fastest growing fields in science, but what is it and what does it mean? â€Å"Molecular modelling encompasses all theoretical methods and computational techniques used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. The techniques are used in the fields of computational chemistry, drug design, computational biology and materials science for studying molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies. The simplest calculations can be performed by hand, but inevitably computers are required to perform molecular modelling of any reasonably sized system. The common feature of molecular modelling techniques is the atomistic level description of the molecular systems. This may include treating atoms as the smallest individual unit (the molecular mechanics approach), or explicitly modelling electrons of each atom (the quantum chemistry approach).†[1] As stated, molecular modelling is a way to notice the interaction of a molecule with a molecular system. The best way currently to carry out this process is through computer modelling, but it is still plausible to perform the simplest of studies through the use of molecular mechanics or through the use of a notepad, pen and calculator. However the main concern is that most of the time it may be necessary to carry out molecular modelling through computer modelling as it can be very difficult to work out some of the calculations by hand, whereas the computer can accomplish this for us. So what is it? Furthermore to this all, molecular modelling is an expanding topic with more and more developments occurring within the field as the days go on. New scientific papers and methods are being posted as well as an increased amount of journals being published. From this we can see that it’s a topic with a huge variety knowledge and background. This is justified alone from how many issues there are with the problems where molecular modelling can be applied and the abundance of methods that can be used. The journals and papers written about molecular modelling also go into detail of theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry. As a result of this, it is very hard to keep up with molecular modelling techniques and theories due to the fact that there is an increased knowledge of the field as each day goes on. Thanks to the role of the internet, scientists are able to access more journals and papers to find articles on the relevant field they are interested in studying. This in tu rn also means that there are articles directed for all readers to understand, whether you know nothing at all to someone who is a researcher in the field of theoretical chemistry. The brilliance of this all is that there are documents of research, which keep up to date with only the recent developments, so it’s a quick fix for some scientists to see what they’ve missed out.[2] Molecular modelling is alternatively know as molecular mechanics. The basis of the method is to work out the structure and calculate the energy of molecules from their nuclear motion. The idea of how molecular modelling works is assumed on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation of the Schrà ¶dinger equation. This meaning that the approximation states that nuclei, due to their mass being greater than electrons, move more slowly. As a result we can identify the nuclear motion of nuclei separately to that of electrons and therefore the rotations and vibrations can be studied alone assuming that electrons move fast enough to adjust to any movement of its nuclei. Through the use of force fields, we can calculate the energy and geometry of a molecule. This creates the measure for molecular modelling. A force field is a collection of atom types, parameters and equations. By looking into further examples, we can show how molecular modelling is used. Looking into the idea of force fields, we can see that certain atoms have several atom types. We can look at compounds like ethylbenzene, which contains hybridised carbon atoms and aromatic carbon atoms. Through this, we can further explain it to show the parameters of force fields in different bonds as ethylbenzene has different C-C bonds, which are present in the ethyl group and phenyl ring. The total energy of a molecule is separated into different parts named force potentials. These are calculated separately and then added together to give the total energy present within a molecule. These force potentials are what are associated with the equations for the energies with bond stretching, bond bending, torsional strain and van der Waals interactions. E(total) = E(stretch) + E(bend) + E(s-b) + E(torsion) + E(vdW) + E(dp-dp) Energy due to Bond Stretching If a bond within a compound is stretched or compressed, the energy of the bond increases. The form of calculation for the potential energy for a bond stretching and compressing is a similar calculation to that of Hooke’s law for a spring, except a cubic term is included. As a result of the cubic term, it helps to keep the energy from rising too sharply when the bond is stretched. Energy due to Bond Angle Bending When bonds are bent away from the standard degree, the energy increases. However, there are some exceptions for the calculations of this energy, as cyclic compounds provide special atom types and parameters, which are used in the force field. Energy due to Stretch-Bend Interactions Bonds will stretch to release tension when two bonds have their angle reduced. Through the use of cross term potential functions, we can take into account the terms of bond stretching and bond bending together. Energy due to Torsional Strain intramolecular rotations require energy. The torsional potential is a Fourier series that accounts for all one to four through-bond relationships. Energy due to van der Waals Interactions The van der Waals radius of an atom gives its effective size. As two non-bonded atoms are brought together, the attraction increases causing a decrease in energy. If the distance between the two non-bonded atoms equals the sum of the can der Waals radii the attraction is at a maximum. The closer the atoms are brought together, the greater the energy and the greater the van der Waals repulsion. Energy due to Dipole-Dipole Interactions The calculation for dipole-dipole interactions is similar to that of Coulomb’s law. We can calculate it by considering all the interactions in a molecule. If there is a net charge present in the molecule, calculations must be carried out for charge-charge and charge-dipole.[3] To put this all into layman terms, molecular modelling varies from the construction and imaging of simple molecules to creating computer simulations on large protein molecules. Through the use of advanced computer software, we can visualise, rotate, optimise and manipulate molecular models. Some calculations can take up to a few seconds but there are models where it would take months to produce results.[4] What is it used for? Molecular modelling allows us to create a greater visual aspect to show the shapes of molecules and show how they interact. It is used vastly in certain fields, such as, Biology. An example of this would be through enzymes. Their substrates, receptors and their signalling. As of this we can see how useful and how certain molecules interact with one another forming complex molecules where we can then evaluate how strong the binding affinity is and how it would visually be seen. The biological activity of a drug molecule is supposed to depend on just one unique shape amongst all low energy structures. Through the use of molecular modelling, we can search and target these bioactive conformations. Molecular modelling allows us to identify the atomic and molecular interactions that control the behaviour of a physical system. The molecular interactions that would be identified would be those mentioned above to work out the energy of the force potentials. One of the first approaches to calculating molecule-molecule binding free energy differences was through the use of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) [Cramer et al., 1988], which allowed us to understand and interpret the active sites of enzymes without a crystal structure being present. Molecular mechanics allows us to find the best viable solution in which we can model large and non-symmetrical chemical systems. This can be for molecules such as proteins and polymers. Through the use of the classical laws of physics, molecular mechanics allows us to predict the chemical properties of molecules. The issue with this is that we cannot calculate or deal with bond breakage or formation where the treatment of electrons dominate the effects. We tend to turn to molecular mechanics for comparative results rather than absolute quantities. For example, a force field is an empirical approximation for structure-energy relationships in molecules, which allows us to show a comparison between speed and accuracy. We can produce a better, or even, a more realistic geometry value for the vast majority of organic molecules, due to the fact they are highly parameterised thanks to molecular mechanics. Molecular dynamics is highly dependent on Newtonian mechanics. this is a conformation space search where atoms are given an initial velocity and are then allowed to evolve in the time. [van Gunsteren Berendsen, 1977]. The issue with molecular dynamics is that we have to use minimisation schemes, but if we take a look at the effects of temperature, some molecules can overcome the potential energy at the surface. Through the use of simulated annealing, we can control these issues at present [Kirkpatrick et al, 1983, Cerny, 1985]. This allows us to use molecular dynamic calculation in which the system temperature is raised to a large value to allow a spread of exploration of the available conformational space. With an increase in dynamics, the system temperature would be decreased. The last phase would be to use minimisation to select a minimum energy molecular conformation.[5] Molecular Modelling Challenges There are numerous challenges that pose in the way of molecular modelling. They range from the lack of knowledge about certain species of molecules to the free energy calculations that are taken place. There has been vast development in knowledge within areas such as in gene databases. The issue is, there is a lack of information in the laws of protein folding for example. There is only so much we know about sequence information but with the little intelligence we have about protein folding, it restricts the inference of structure from sequence. A novel approach scans a pathological vector victimisation the tools of molecular biology; of the various relevant proteins made, a couple of are often isolated, crystallised, and structurally elucidated. The structures of traditional and pathological molecules are often compared and compounds designed to inhibit pathogenic enzymes or receptors by selection. distinguishing the targets is that the initial downside we tend to encounter. So with the structure of even one target protein, and therefore the information of function of its receptor or active site, its currently doable to use computer tools to make and dock a ligand or inhibitor before investing time and resources for synthesis and testing. Conversely, large-scale screening might detect â€Å"new leads† that then should be modelled so as to explore later synthetic analogs. In either case, molecular modelling is crucial for understanding and exploring the structure-function relationship. attractive and repulsive forces are often summed and therefore the work quantified. Ideally, one seeks a correlative listing of experimental and computational values to offer assurance that novel compounds are often evaluated before being synthesised. However, there still are exceptions and sudden surprises (Meyer et al., 1995) that has to temper the passion of the molecular modeller. Based on Fischer’s â€Å"lock and key† simile, the mechanical view of molecular interactions are often understood and applied to biomolecules. However, even â€Å"rigid† molecules have local flexibility and fluxional water molecules are typically a structural appendage of each the â€Å"lock† and therefore the â€Å"key,† which implies the in vivo structure might disagree considerably from that on the display screen. Therefore, modelling code must have a choice to simulate the presence of pervasive water molecules. Molecular mechanics calculations will solely seek the local energy minimum, however are unable to climb the pass into the next energy level. Molecular dynamics simulations are a strong tool for inclusion of the fluxional nature of biomolecules and in best circumstances, will explore the energetic landscape in search of the energy minimum. Atomic parameters are approximate and based on a generic, classical atom, whereas these parameters change modify in a fluxional structure, thus quantum molecular dynamics is required. This field has however to mature, and necessary computational resources greatly exceed today’s supercomputers, to not mention the PC. Again, however does one treat water rigorously (dielectric constant, ionisation state, fluxional H-bond- ing; bulk vs. microscopic quantities)? Challenge #3 could be a rigorous computational simulation of a biochemical reaction in an exceedingly in a accessible to the synthetic chemist, as mentioned by professor Ursula Roethlisber ger (ETH Zentrum, Zà ¼rich, Switzerland) at this symposium.[6] Another big issue is the topi that there is extreme difficulty in calculation free energies by computer. Free energy is often considered to be the most important value when looking into thermodynamics. It can be expressed in two ways, Helmholtz function or Gibbs function. Both work similarly in the sense that they both work with only a constant number of particles and a constant temperature, but Gibbs free energy works with also a constant pressure (NPT) and Helmholtz works with a constant volume (NVT). Most experiments that are carried out, it is best suited to use the Gibbs function as most conditions are kept under constant temperature and pressure. The issue with all of this, is that free energy calculations are difficult to carry out then working with liquids or flexible macromolecules as they have far too many minimum energy configurations separated by low-energy barriers. Other calculations that are difficult to carry out are those such as entropy and chemical potentials. Through the use of the Monte Carlo simulation or ‘standard’ molecular dynamics, it is still very difficult to calculate free energy because said simulations do not sufficiently sample the regions of phase space, which contribute greatly to free energy. The two simulations, molecular dynamics sampling and Monte Carlo, are used to find the lower-energy reasons of phase space. as a result, the sampling data will not show reflection of the high-energy regions, so calculating free energy through simulation tends to give inaccurate values. Another problem is the calculation of free energy differences of two states. We can approach these issues mentioning the simulations above. Three methods have been proposed; thermodynamic perturbation, thermodynamic integration and slow growth. From these we can calculate the free energy differences. New methods for calculating free energy changes can be worked out with errors no more than 1 kcal / mol in certain cases. Through the use of the two different simulations, one of the initial system and one of the final system. The energies calculated from the two systems are large numbers, with a great error. The difference would be comparable in magnitude to the error in the energy of each system. We determine what the free energy is in terms of interactions involving the solute, which in turn allows us to give a more accurate reading in energy calculations. The two energy systems calculated, are large numbers with a great deal of error, but from this we can take the enthalpy difference and error difference then compare them in magnitude. From this, free energy is calculated based on the interactions involving the solute, therefore we can calculate free energy much more accurately. When looking at the major sources of error with free energy calculations in computer simulations, they can result from inaccuracies in potential model choice or its implementation. Our other source of error comes from the phase space, by collection insufficient sampling. The main issue is the fact that we cannot find a method that guarantees adequate coverage of phase space, meaning it is hard to calculate free energy values. We can identify the inadequate sampling through two methods, we can run the simulation for an increased duration, so using the molecular dynamics simulation, or for an increased amount of repetitions, so the Monte Carlo simulation. We can perform this in both the forward and reverse directions, so a different scheme can be use to calculate the free energy difference. Most of the time, the simulation is run in both directions, and from this, we can calculate the lower-bound estimate of the error in calculation from the different in free energy values. One thing we have to be cautious of is the fact that we need to be careful when carrying out these simulations, because when we cary out more than necessary amounts of simulation over a short simulation, estimating errors is a lot more difficult because the results give a near zero difference between the forward and reverse directions. If the time of simulation exceeds that of the relaxation time of the system, then it is possible to carry it out reversibly. However, if the time of simulation is that of the same order of magnitude as the relaxation time then approximately zero hysteresis may result. This would be due to the incapability of the system to adjust to the changes. Within this, free energies in both directions could appear to be the same and as a result, quite likely to be wrong.[7] [1] Molecular modelling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Molecular modelling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_modelling. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [2] Leach, Andrew R., 2001. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Harlow : Prentice Hall. [3] Introduction to Molecular Modeling. 2014. Introduction to Molecular Modeling. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chemistry.gsu.edu/Glactone/modeling/MMintro.html. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [4] What is Molecular Modeling?. 2014. What is Molecular Modeling?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/txtbk2/topic1.htm. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [5] Using Molecular Modelling to Study Interactions Between Molecules with Biological Activity | InTechOpen. 2014. Using Molecular Modelling to Study Interactions Between Molecules with Biological Activity | InTechOpen. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/bioinformatics/using-molecular-modelling-to-study-interactions-between-molecules-with-biological-activity. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [6] Edgar F. Meyer, Stanley M. Swanson, Jocylin A. Williams, 2000. Molecular Modelling and Drug Design. Pharmacology Therapeutics, [Online]. 85, 113–121. [7] Leach, Andrew R., 2001. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Harlow : Prentice Hall.

African Americans and Racial Diversity

There are many organizations that advocate equality for African Americans in the United States. Many organizations will promote the African American race and show what concerns are being felt by their race. Those that advocate for their race give a description of how they fall in history, what discrimination they endured and what prejudice they still have to deal with. These groups and organizations promote the idea to bring discrimination to a stop in their cultures around the world. African Americans and Racial Equality African Americans have made their way to freedom, but have been left with a heavy burden of their ancestor’s slavery. Would they ever be seen as anything but slaves brought unwilling from Africa to the United States to be enslaved and be servants to the White Man? Those questions can be answered by looking at the history of African Americans and how they have become great leaders in this country. Rosa Parks may have not been the first Black woman to give up her seat on the bus, but she stared a chain of events that would eventually bring segregation to an end. That day in 1955, Rosa Parks paved the way for people like Barak Obama to become the first African American President the United States has ever had. Before that time, African Americans had endured slavery, segregation, discrimination, and prejudice because of the color of their skin. Many African American men fought for our country in the civil war so they could be granted freedom after they served. Butler (2013) stated, â€Å"the Fourteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution revoking that fateful decision and ensuring citizenship, with all its rights and esponsibilities, to everyone born in the United States regardless of race. † (para. 1). There have been several political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history. Some political issues African American have faces according to history. house. gov (2013) â€Å"Since 1870, when Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi and Representative Joseph Rainey of South Carolina became the first African Americans to serve in Congress, a total of 139 African Americans have served as U. S. Representatives or Senators. Social issues among African Americans are discrimination and prejudice within the United States and beyond. Many are discriminated against because of their race. Many black men and women are deprived of the earning abilities of that of the White man. They make less money and live in poverty striking communities. Because of slavery, many African Americans feel as though they will never been seen equal to others because of their ancestors. Until this mind set changes, history will continue to run the ideas and future of African Americans. Some cultural issues among the African American throughout history would be being accepted into a culture. Many slaves when freed started large communities made up of just Blacks. Without the same education and opportunities as White men and woman, they fell into poverty and struggled to grow as respected Americans. This permits for crime rates to be higher because they had to survive any way they could if only by stealing to be able to live. These issues among African American still exist today. The NAACP has fought for African American rights for generations. According to â€Å"Naacp: 100 Years Of History† (2009-2013), â€Å"The NAACP seeks to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through the democratic processes. † (Founding Group). The have helped many African American groups with their right to vote because even after they were granted the right, many were still denied. The NAACP has fought along site African Americans to bring justice and rights to those people who worked so hard to become free and receive equal rights in the United States. The United States Supreme Court alleviated slavery, and wrote into law that ll people should be treated equal. They gave African Americans the right to vote and be equals in their communities and states. They also were granted the right to become government officials. Although these laws have been added, discrimination and prejudice still exist in the United States. The NAACP and other organizations have and continue to fight for the rights of African American and other races. Blackradicalcongress. org has a list of originations that promote blacks in our country. These groups give support to African Americans and show the history of their culture. African Americans may carry a heavy burden of slavery from their ancestors, but they have become the staples of our culture. Through their determination our country has changed to make way for new opportunities for us to grow as a Nation. Every man has equal opportunity to make change and live a life without discrimination and prejudice. It takes one person to show the world that change can happen. Let’s make a change. Let’s all live without discrimination and treat everyone as an equal to ourselves. Reference Butler, C.  (2013).  The African-American Experience FROM ENSLAVEMENT TO EMANCIPATION.  Retrieved from http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/african-american-experience/the-african-american.html History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives, â€Å"Black Americans in Congress,† http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Black-Americans-in-Congress/ (July 07, 2013) NAACP: 100 Years of History. (2009-2013). Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history Black Organizations. (). Retrieved from http://www.blackradicalcongress.org/

Can Blake Be Considered To Be a Romantic Poet

Romantism was an artistic movement, which took place between 1770 and 1848. It highlighted a significant change in society. Before, people generally believed in the neo-classic system, which was extremely authoritarian, there was no belief in the power of imagination, paintings were realistic portraits or landscapes and literature was inflexible. Everything was more or less constrained. Signs of romatism were evident in writers such as Mary Shelly and ETA Hoffman who both alluded to the darkly mysterious aspects of life. Slowly writers started to portray nature in relation to mans sentiments (Gray was a fine example of this). This is displaying imagination, as it is associated with the individuals' state of mind. Rousseau was a great influence in the Romantic Movement, his literature showed adventure and a clear use of imagination. William Blake was an ardent follower of Rousseau and his beliefs. This is evident in his poems, such as The Tiger taken from Songs Of Innocence. In this poem there is a contest between the tiger and the blacksmith, the tiger being a natural, powerful, instinctive and full of energy and imagination while the blacksmith ruins, crafts and reconstructs natural materials. It is clear in the poem that Blake had a great degree of respect for the tiger and this is shown where it says: â€Å"On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire.† This is taken from the second stanza of the poem, which consists solely of questions. These questions are evidence of Blake's fascination with this creature that is individual in thought and action, that isn't influenced by Urizen and is not affected by the mind forged manacles. It is evident in this poem that Blake was a believer in the power of imagination. He loathed anything that limited or constricted imagination. This is partly from the influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, the opening sentence resembles key words that appear in Blake's poems: â€Å"Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.† Here, the key words are â€Å"free† and â€Å"chains†. Chains are mentioned a countless number of times in Blake's poems, most noticeably in The Tiger where it says: â€Å"What thy hammer? What thy chain?† A hammer is a weapon that shapes (resembling how the church/monarchy shaped society) and a chain is a weapon that restricts and Blake obviously felt that people were being oppressed. As well as having respect for individual and instinctive creatures like the tiger, Blake was also very fond of children. Many of his poems are based on children with a particular emphasis on childhood memories, for example: The Chimney Sweeper and The Nurses Song. Both of these poems appear in two parts, each with one in Songs of Innocence and the other in Songs of Experience. This emphasises the value of individual experience. If we look at The Nurses Song (Innocence), it is clearly portraying a feeling of joy and optimism; this is evident where it says: â€Å"When the voices of children are heard on the green And laughing is heard on the hill.† Here, the words: â€Å"voices† and â€Å"laughing† tell us that children have a voice and are allowed to have a voice, and be expressive. Also, the emphasis on the surrounding environment makes the setting very idyllist (like that of fairy tale). The key concept to this poem is authority. In this poem the nurse is benevolent and lenient. However, in the NUSRSES song (experience), the key figure (the nurse) becomes jealous and self-centred, this is portrayed where it says: † The days of my youth rise fresh in my mind, My face turns green and pale.† Now the nurse has envy in her soul, she wants to be like a child again because experience has made her so cynical. Here, there are two important points, one is experience, Blake is showing us how people change with experience, after being constrained and oppressed people became self – centred and envious like the nurse. The other factor is childhood, he is emphasising the sacredness and vitality of that part of life. As this is the only time when we can be completely frank and voice our thoughts without hesitation and its accepted. By analysing Blake's poetry and imagery it is clear to see that he can be considered a romantic poet. It is clear to see in The Tiger that he believes in the power of imagination and this is also evident in all his work. He emphasises on the value of experience a great amount and this is most obviously shown by the composition of Songs of Experience. All his work shows a subjective point of view, which is expressed through the intensity of the language he uses. He has linked together man and nature (most noticeably) in The Sick Rose and The Clod and the Pebble. All his work reflects his state of mind, he is conveying his point of view through his literature and art forms, and this makes him a romantic poet.

Real-World Green Chemistry Examples

Green chemistry seeks to develop products and processes that are kind to the environment. This can involve reducing the waste a process creates, using renewable materials, lessening the energy required to form a product, etc. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsors an annual challenge for the most innovative green chemistry inventions, plus you can find examples of green chemistry in many of the products you buy and use. Here are some interesting sustainable chemistry achievements: Biodegradable Plastics Plastics being developed from eco-friendly renewable sources, plus some modern plastics are biodegradable. The combination of innovations reduces our dependence on petroleum products, protects humans and wildlife from undesirable chemicals in old plastics, and reduces waste and impact on the environment. Scientists at  NatureWorks  of Minnetonka, Minnesota, makes food containers from a polymer called polylactic acid, made using  microorganisms to convert cornstarch into a resin. The resulting polymer is used to replace rigid petroleum-based plastic used in yogurt containers and water bottles. Advances in Medicine Pharmaceuticals are expensive to produce in part because of the complicated and exacting synthesis mechanisms required to produce some drugs. Green chemistry seeks to streamline production processes, reduce the environmental impact of drugs and their metabolites, and minimize toxic chemicals used in reactions. Professor Yi Tang, of the University of California,  devised an improved  synthesis process to make  Zocor ®, which is the brand name for  the drug, Simvastatin, used to treat high cholesterol. The previous process used hazardous chemicals and released a large volume of toxic waste. Professor Tangs process uses  an engineered enzyme and a low-cost feedstock. The company Codexis, then took the mechanism and  optimized the enzyme and synthesis process so the drug could be manufactured more safely, less expensively, and with less of an environmental impact. Research and Development Scientific research employs a number of techniques that use hazardous chemicals and release waste into the environment. New greener processes keep research and tech on track while making it safer, cheaper, and less wasteful. Life Technologies  developed a three-step, one-pot synthesis method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used in genetic testing. The new process is more efficient, consuming  up to 95 percent less organic solvent and releasing up to 65 percent less waste compared with the conventional protocol. Using the new process, Life Technologies  eliminates about  1.5 million pounds of hazardous waste each year. Paint and Pigment Chemistry Green paints go way beyond eliminating lead from formulations! Modern paints reduce toxic chemicals released as paints dry, substitute safer pigments for some poisonous colors, and reduce toxins when the paint is removed. Procter Gamble and Cook Composites and Polymers formulated a soya oil and sugar mixture to replace petroleum-derived paint resins and solvents. Formulations using the mixture release 50% fewer hazardous volatile compounds.Sherwin-Williams created water-based acrylic alkyd paints that contain low levels of volatile organic compounds  (VOCs). The acrylic paint is made from a mixture of acrylics, soybean oil, and recycled PET bottles. Manufacturing Many of the processes used to make products rely on toxic chemicals or could be streamlined to reduce the use of resources and release of waste. Green chemistry seeks to develop new processes and improve conventional production methods. Faraday has developed a plating process to make high-performance chrome coatings from trivalent chromium instead of highly toxic hexavalent chromium.