Langston Hughes and Alice Walker Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes and Alice Walker EssayLangston Hughes Still Here and Dream Deferred are two poems depicting emotions driven by defeats in life. These literary works may appear simple, but they both depict the social and political conditions during the time these poems were written. Langston Hughes, a renowned author during the Harlem Renaissance, is storied for his works on social class and race relations in America. His poem Dream Deferred, as the title suggests, describes various detrimental effects frustration can bring to a somebody.Literary tools used were imagery, similes, and metaphors in question form to suggest these detrimental effects. In the poem, effects are described as the raisin in the sun, like a sore that festers, like a stinking rotten meat, and like a heavy load. The two poems by Langston both convey the social and political conditions in his time and its implications to the lives of the African-Americans, then. During Langstons time, African-American exe rcised limited rights that may have hindered them from attaining their dreams in life.Langston sees that this problem has caused great pain to the unfulfilled person and to the people surrounding him. The short story Everyday Use by Alice Walker, on the other hand, discusses how culture and heritage should be valued and recognized, specifically that of the African-Americans. Alice Walker, an American writer, like Langston, also writes about race and gender relations. Her short story illustrated the conflict in appreciating the African-American culture by presenting the redefined and the practical ways of doing this.The writer made use of the quilt as the representation of the culture and heritage of the African-American. The quilt, seen as the product of quilting, is said to be the refined way of seeing its worth(predicate) while knowing the process of quilting represents the practical way and more meaningful way of appreciating the culture and heritage. The story suggests that her itage and culture should not be equated to tangible things and should be understood thoroughly to see its worth.Langston and Walker, through their works, showed how African-Americans feel and what their personal struggles are in two different scenarios. Indeed, their works never failed to endure inspiration to those who can relate. References Hughes, L. (1951). Dream Deferred. Retrieved May 5, 2009, 2009, from http//www. poemhunter. com/i/ebooks/pdf/langston_hughes_2004_9. pdf Hughes, L. Still Here. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http//www. poemhunter. com/i/ebooks/pdf/langston_hughes_2004_9. pdf Walker, A. (1973). Everyday Use. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http//xroads. virginia. edu/ug97/quilt/walker. html

Pride and prejudice Coursework Letter Essay Example for Free

Pride and prejudice Coursework Letter EssayDear Mrs Bennet,I hope that completely your family is in good health. I am ashamed to aver that inquiring about your family is not the main reason of writing to you but it is nevertheless a matter which I believe is of great importance to your family. I believe that it is my duty to inform you about the recent events at Hunsford. I am sure that you will be delighted to hear that your daughter Elizabeth had been proposed to by Mr Darcy. However, it is regretful that I must inform you of Lizzys rejection of Mr Darcys marriage proposal.Yesterday in the afternoon, Mr Collins, Elizabeth and I were two invited for tea at Rosings. However Elizabeth could not accompany us because it was clearly evident that she had a migraine. At first Mr Collins was most perturbed by Elizabeths decision not to go to Rosings but I finally advance him not to press her anymore seeing that she was really un intimately. Yet Mr Collins could not stop to remind h er of how displeased Lady Catherine would be.However, on our return I went to check on Elizabeth and I was shocked to see her look paler than ever. She had dark red eyes with puffed up cheeks, as if she had been crying. When I asked her what had happened she burst into tears, and title that Mr Darcy had visited her in our absence and she then revealed that she had rejected his offerThe reason that Eliza gave for her rejection him was because of his abominable pride and conceited manner. Yet I do believe he sustains all of these ill features. However, on the contrary Mr Darcy is a secure man. His wealth is of immense amount, 10,000 a year As we both know, Eliza has previously made mistakes, for example good turn ware Mr Collins, and now Mr Darcy She has made some ill decisions in her life and we both know well of her that she can sometimes act foolish.Yet, Eliza is my best chum and so my purpose of writing to you is to ask you to advise your daughter to marry such a man of statur e. How many men can she turn down? If she carries on the way she has she will lose a future of security and wealth. Mr Collins and I are financially stable and I am in full secure. Yet, I wish I could say the same for Eliza, if she gets married.Mrs Bennet, it is both familiar to us to get married as soon as possible and take hold every opportunity as it comes. When you are secure then there will be free time to fall in love. But Eliza contradicts these opinions which both to you and myself are so imperative. She wants to marry for love yet this cannot always be the case. She does not want to marry for financial security. Mr Darcy is such a wealthy and well connected man. It is up to you Mrs Bennet to advise your daughter to not regret making dreadful decisions. I thought that I had to write about this as Eliza is my good friend.

Presentism Eternalism And Special Relativity Philosophy Essay

Presentism Eternalism And Special theory of relativity Philosophy EssayIn this essay I hope to immortalise that it is not necessarily straight that wizs Special speculation of Relativity refutes defendism. It is not my aim to instal that presentism is correct, nor is it my aim to show that eternalism is incorrect. I aim to show that it is nave for eternalists to assume that STR favours the eternalists assimilate on succession over the presentists view. I pull up stakes start this essay by explaining and defining the views of the presentist and eternalist. For any valuable work to be done in defending presentism against the claims of STR, I believe a sound understanding of what both presentism and eternalism entails is needed. I bequeath plant it clear how presentism and eternalism differ and make it clear what is remembert when they say something come throughs. I will then come to onto discussing STR. I hope to explain STR in as clear a manner as possible, although I will not be explaining it in the depth found in physics papers. I will foresee to it the admits that make up STR and drive the burning(prenominal) paradoxes these lead to. In particular, I will discuss the paradox of the speed of swingy and the paradox of simultaneity, as these be a concern to the presentists view. With STR adequately explained (in decent gun top dog that I may hope to defend Presentism against its claims) I will move onto considering the arguments Philosophers receive brought forward in an attempt that STR supports a 4D precedent of the universe, and as a result refutes Presentism. I will consider the Rietdijk-Putnam argument, and Penroses version of this argument, The lily-of-the-valley tree Paradox. By explaining these arguments I hope to show clearly the problem that STR poses for presentism. Finally, I will consider two defensive appreciates1of Presentism against the claims of STR. The first defense is brought forward by Hinchliff (2000), and the turn defense is brought forward by Markosian (2004). I bugger off the latter defense to be the more compelling, and I will explain why I think this. I will conclude by offering my reasoning for persuasion that STR does not necessarily refute presentism. I start this essay by defining the terms presentism and eternalism, and by discussing what they mean when they say something exists.Section 1- Defining Presentism and EternalismI start this section by considering presentism. To show what presentism actually entails, I think its important to first consider where the view suffers from. Presentism can be traced back to McTaggarts notable 1908 paper The Unreality of Time. In this paper, McTaggart high washys two bearings in which we experience quantify. These paths form what he calls the A- series and B-series. The A-series is a tensed series where events are place using tensed properties such as ultimo, present or future. The B-series is a tenseless series where events are arr anged proportionally using terms such as forrader or after. McTaggart claims that the A-series is essential to time as events only change with respect to their tensed properties, and time moldiness involve change (p26, McTaggart, 1927). No change occurs in the B-series. If event A is before event B, then event A will forever be before event B. Those who claim that we should talk about time using tenses, and claim that the A-series is essential to time are known as A-theorists. Those who think tensed expressions are reducible to tenseless expressions, and claim that the B-series is essential to time are known as B-theorists. Some A-theorists advocate presentism, and some B-theorists advocate eternalism. Of course, it is not perpetually the case that A-theorists are presentists, and not always the case that B-theorists are eternalists. Zimmerman notes two otherwise views that the A-theorist could hold the growing-block theory and the moving spot arc theory (Marcus, 2012). These w ill not be considered in this essay. Now that Ive explained where eternalism and presentism come from, I will move onto actually defining presentism.There are a number of ways in which presentism has been defined. In this essay, I will take presentism as the view that only things in the present exist or as Markosian (2004) defines itNecessarily, it is always true that only present objects exist (p1, Markosian, 2004)The presentist distinguishes the present as being finicky over the ancient or the future, in that it is only objects in the present exist. The presentist believes in an compulsive (universal) present, where all events happening now, exist. No events (or objects) that exist, exist in the knightly or future. We can see why the presentist will claim that the A-series is essential to time and why the B-series is not. Only in the A-series can objects or events be hardened (temporally) in a present moment. The B-series does not treat the present as being any more real than the past or future. Its hard to see what would count as the present in the B-series, as all events are arranged relationally as either before or after other events.Its important to note here that necessarily, it is always true that only present objects exist is not the same as saying only the present exists as some soak up interrupted it (e.g. Davidson, 2003).The presentist may say that the past and future exist (in some sentience of the war cry exist), but no objects exist in the past or future. Nor does presentism equal the tautology that is only present objects exist at present (Vallicella, 2003). Nor is it the claim that all objects that have existed, and that will ever exist, exist in the present now. Its easy to see the inconsistency in the midst of these statements when the flow of time is taking into account (the presentist view accounts for the flow of time, whereas the externalist view does not). The plot below shows the presentists view.In diagram (a), the present moment (now) happens to be a moment in 1967. The presentist would say that only things (or objects) in this moment in 1967 exist. Nothing exists in the past or future.In diagram (b), the present moment (now) happens to be a moment in 2013. The presentist would say that only things (or objects) in this moment in 2013 exist. No objects exist in the past (which now includes 1967) or future.Now that I have defined presentism and do it clear how I will be referring to it in this essay, I will move onto defining eternalism and in the process, contrast it with presentism.Eternalism can be feeling of as the main rival to presentism. As mentioned previously, the eternalist sees the B series as being essential to time and denies the existence of the A-series. Eternalism is the view that objects in the past and future are equally as real as objects in the present.objects from both the past and the future exist just as much as present objects (Markosian, 2010)Others have said that Eternalism is the view that all times are real (p326, Ladyman, 2007), but I see this is open to further interpretation. I will be interpreting all times are real as meaning objects can equally exist in the past or future. Its not hard to see how this contrasts with the presentists view, nor is it hard to see why eternalists accept the B-series. every times in the B-series are treated equally. Theres no special property given to a present moment. Eternalism is sometimes referred to as the block universe view, as the past, present and future all exist in a closed 4-dimensional Space-time block (p2, Peterson Silberstein, 2009). Presentism, on the other hand, may be thought of as endorsing a 3D view of the universe. As Valente (2012) puts it in The Relativity of Simultaneity and PresentismFor an eternalist ( 4-dimensionalist) a 3D object is just a slice of a four-dimensional (4D) piece reap of a timelessly existing 4D world (or block universe) in which all the slices (i.e. the 3D objects) are a ctually all given at once. For a presentist, the 3D world consists of all 3D objects and fields existing simultaneously at the moment now or present. (p4, Valente, 2012)Presentism and Eternalism can be visually imagined as in the diagram below. Presentism features a present moving with the flow of time. Time to the eternalist can be imagined as a block2which contains the past, present and future, along will all objects and events.(Savitt, 2008)The differences between presentism and eternalism can be further shown by using an mannequin. I will consider the example use by Lombard (2009) in his paper Time for a Change A polemic against the Presentism Eternalism Debate. Lets take the statement Dinosaurs exist. Dinosaurs are not included on the presentists list of things or objects that exist. Dinosaurs are still included on the eternalists list of things or objects that exist. Of course, as Lombard points out, the eternalist is not saying that in that location are dinosaurs, that i s, right now (p58, Lombard, 2009). As the eternalist believes that objects exist in the past, in the same way as they exist in the present, they must insist that dinosaurs nevertheless exist (p58, Lombard, 2009). This is point that can lead to confusion. Its important to understand what we mean by the word exist in the statement Dinosaurs exist. Markosian (2004) gives a brilliant explanation of what we should mean by exist in his paper A Defense of Presentism. In what follows, I will consider this explanation and make it clear what exist means.Markosian highlights two ways in which we may think about the word exist. The first grit in which we may think of the statement Dinosaurs exist is what Markosian calls the temporal location sense. Under this interpretation, Dinosaurs exist is synonymous with Dinosaurs are present. Under the temporal location sense of the word, the eternalist will agree that no non-present objects exist right now i.e. Dinosaurs do not exist right now. However, this is not what we will be taking the eternalist to mean when they say Dinosaurs exist. Markosian calls the other sense of exist, the ontological sense. Under this interpretation Dinosaurs exist is synonymous with dinosaurs are now in the domain of our most unexclusive quantifiers, whether it happens to be presentor non-present (p2, Markosian, 2004). The eternalist will agree with this. The presentist will argue that dinosaurs are not now in the domain of our most free quantifiers, as dinosaurs do not exist in the present (now), and only things that exist in the present will be included in the domain of our most unrestricted quantifiers. Under this interpretation of exist the disagreement between the presentist and the eternalist becomes clear.According to presentism, dinosaurs do not exist i.e. dinosaurs are not included in the things that our most unrestricted quantifiers range over. According to eternalism, dinosaurs do exist i.e. dinosaurs are included in the things that our most unrestricted quantifiers range over. For the Presentist what objects our most unrestricted quantifiers range over is a changing consider of fact (p13, Kehler, 2011). This is because the objects of the present are forever changing as time passes (in line with change in the A-series, as discussed earlier in this essay). The opposite is true for the eternalist. What objects our most unrestricted quantifiers range over never changes (in line with the unchanging B-series as discussed earlier).With presentism and eternalism defined and discussed, and the difference between the two made clear by discussing the meaning of exist, I will move onto the next section of this essay. In the next section, I will be considering Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity (STR). I will be considering the postulates that make up Einsteins theory and discussing some of the nonsensical consequences of these. I will then discuss the arguments Philosophers have come up with in an attempt to show that S TR implies a 4D view (eternalism). These arguments will be the Rieldik-Putnam argument, and I will construct my own version of Penroses Andromeda Paradox. erst STR is made clear, I will conclude the section by considering what these arguments mean for both presentism and eternalism.Section 2 The Special Theory of Relativity the Thorn in Presentisms SideAs this is a Philosophy essay, and not a Physics paper, I will not be going into any great detail in explaining Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity (STR), and Im unlikely to do it justice. I will, however, explain the theory in becoming detail so to allow me to adequately discuss the arguments in support of the 4D model and against presentism. This will also help me in defending presentism in the final section of this essay. Without adequate knowledge of STR and its paradoxical nature, its unlikely I, or any other philosophers, would be able to even start defending presentism against its claims. I start by considering the postul ates behind STR.In 1905, Albert Einstein presented STR in his paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. The theory itself is derived from a number of postulates, of which two can be said to form the heart of Special Relativity (Hamilton, 1998). The first postulate is the Principle of RelativityThere is no absolute rest put of reference (p1, Lee, 2012)The second postulate is the Principle of Constancy of the expedite of LightThe speed of light c is a universal constant, the same in any inertial frame (Hamilton, 1998)Together, these postulates open up paradoxes which lead Philosophers to the thought that STR implies 4D view of time (eternalism). Inertial frame (or inertial reference frame) here will be defined as frames of reference in which Newtons first righteousness of motion is observed. Newtons first law of motion is that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force (Benson , 2010). Before Special Relativity, the speed of light was thought to enumerate on the speed of the person observing and the speed of the source from which the light came (Lawerence, 2002). An experiment was conducted in the late 1800s by Michelson and Marley in the hope that this was correct (Carlip, 1996). As the earth cooking stoves around the sun at .01% the speed of light (Lawerence ,2002), Michelson and Marely hoped they would be able to show that a light beam moving along with the orbit of the earth would be .01% slower than a light beam going perpendicular to the orbit of the earth. To their surprise, this was not the case. Every attempt to find a difference in the speed of light failed.The light always took exactly the same amount of time to travel down either leg (Lawerence, 2002)Since light always travelled at the same speed in the experiments3, Einstein took the constancy of the speed of light to be a fact of nature, and from it, formed the second postulate of STR. Now that the history behind STR has been discussed, and the postulates of STR have been explained, I will move onto discuss how these postulates lead to some interesting paradoxes.The second postulate leads to an interesting paradox. In order to understand the problems that STR poses for presentism, its important to understand what this paradox entails. I will construct this paradox by way of example, based on the example used by Hamilton (1998). Lets pretend Im standing on the surface of the Earth4. Im wearing a helmet on my head. The helmet has the ability to emit a powerful flash of light. My familiarity Bob has a super car which just so happens to be capable of moving at a constant half the speed of light (1/2c). Bob is moving in a straight line from my right to my left. At the very point that Bob passes me, my helmet lets out a flash of light. This light expands at the same speed (c) in all directions. According to the second postulate of STR, the speed of light is constant for b oth of us. This means that from my frame of reference, the light expands at the same speed in all directions, and that from Bobs frame of reference the light expands at the same speed in all directions (even though he is moving at half the speed of light away from the light source). The paradox here is that, from our own frame of reference, we both believe we are at the centre of the flash of light. Its not possible that we are both at the centre of the flash of light. Before considering the solution to this paradox, I will discuss the example of this paradox as shown by Penroses (1989) Andromeda Paradox.Using his Andromeda Paradox argument, Penrose attempts to show that the Universe is a pre-determined 4D Space-time block, which causes problems for presentism. Penrose (1999) asks us to consider two race ( tinkers damn and Jill) walking past each other on the street. cakehole is walking towards the Andromeda Galaxy5and Jill is walking away from the Andromeda. From STR it can be sa id that Jack and Jill have different ideas about what events are presently happening in the Andromeda Galaxy. It would take light from the Andromeda Galaxy 2.5 million years to puddle either person, and as such, they dont know what events are happening, but whether or not they know of the events happening is of no importance here. An event on Andromeda that Jack thinks is present (from his frame of reference), is an event that Jill still thinks is yet to happen (from her frame of reference). To Jill, the event is in the future. Penrose calculates the event is 5 days behind in time for Jill.One can calculate that their planes (or spaces) of simultaneity at the instant at which they pass each other on Earth intersects the history of the world line of Andromeda about 5 days apart (Savitt, 2008)Our planes of simultaneity6are different. The diagram below shows this(modified from BobC_03, 2012)With the paradoxes explained, I can consider what they mean for both Presentism and Eternalis m, and show how the minowski Universe appears to favour Eternalism. Its possible that an event in Andromeda is in the present (and agree to Presentism does exist) for Jack, but the same event is in the future (and according to Presentism does not exist) for Jill. Here lies the problem that STR its paradoxical nature poses for Presentism. As can be seen, the problem has at the heart of it the second postulate of STR. No matter what speed they walk past each other in opposite directions, if Jack and Jill were to measure the speed of light (in their own frames of reference), they would get the same result.no matter at what speed or in which direction they or the source of the light are moving, must come to the same result when they measure the speed of light (Savitt, 2008)If its not known whether an event is present or past, then how can presentists hold the view that only things in the present exist? What things are in the present are both different for Jack and Jill. In an attempt t o solve this, the presentist might try to say that the event is taken to be present or future depending on whether it is present or future in the absolute rest frame (p5, Eichman, 2007). However, according to STR there is no absolute rest frame, or absolute simultaneity, and therefore, there can be no absolute present.If we assume that STR is true, the following argument against Presentism can be constructed(1) STR is true.(2) STR entails that there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity.(3) If there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity, then there is no such property as absolute presentness.(4) Presentism entails that there is such a property as absolute presentness.(5) Presentism is false.(p29, Markosian, 2004)Now that STR has been discussed adequately and that the trouble it poses for Presentism has been highlighted, I can move onto the final section of this essay. In the final section, I will consider two ways in which philosophers have tried to defend presentism against the seeming brat posed by STR. The first defense is brought forward by Mark Hinchliff (2000) in his paper A Defense of Presentism in a Relativistic Setting. The second defense, and the defense which I find more compelling, is brought forward by Ned Markosian (2004) in his paper A Defense of Presentism. I will explain why I find this defense more compelling, and why I think Hinchliffs defense doesnt work.Section 3 Defending PresentismThe first defense against STR that I will consider is what Hinchliff calls The Point Model. In the point model, Hinchliff claims that in STR the present is to be identified with the here-now (pS579, Hinchliff, 2000). In other words, a presentist can argue that in STR, only a single space-time point exists the here-now. Hinchliff does not hold this view himself and says that he knows of no one who actually holds this view (S579, Hinchliff, 2000). Nevertheless he feels its worthy enough to discuss. A standard objection against this model is to sa y that its lonely, in that nothing but the here-now exists. This objection is easily refuted however. Saying its lonely is akin to rejecting solipisism because theres no other people. Something stronger is needed in order to reject either the Point Model or solipsism. Putnam (1967) offers a better objection against the view however. Putnam says that anything that is past must have previously been present (p246, Putnam, 1967). Under Point presentism however, there are events in the past which have never been present. Therefore, Point Presentism violates the conceptual truth that what is past was present (S579, Hinchliff)This can be shown by way of example. Lets pretend an event occurs which is space-like separated from my here-now. It is therefore not in the present from my frame of reference. When time moves on, the event is however included in my past here-now, without ever being in the present, and therefore violated a conceptual truth.A presentist may try to argue that point pres entism does not violate a conceptual truth, but this would lead them to trouble when trying to explain how certain objects of the present (objects that exists) cease to exist (fade into the past). I do not think this is a suitable defense of presentism against STR. I think if a presentist is to hold their view, then they must look for a way of naming the outcomes of STR into that view. Point presentism attempts to change presentism in such a way that makes it compatible with STR, and fails to do so. Presentists should rather attempt to change STR in such a way that makes it compatible with presentism. I believe this is what Markosian (2004) attempts to do in his defense of presentism. I will now consider this defense and explain why I find it more compelling than Point Presentism.In his defense of presentism, Markosian (2004) considers whether STR contains enough philosophical baggage built into it to entail the proposition that there is no such relation as absolute simultaneity ( p31, Markosian, 2004). If this is not the case, then there is no reason to assume that STR poses problems for presentism. Marksoian asks us to consider two different types of STR (p31, Markosian, 2004)STR+ This version of STR does have enough philosophical baggage built into it to entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity.STR- This version of STR does not have enough philosophical baggage built into it to entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity.Markosian rejects STR+ and accepts STR-. I believe the reasons for why he thinks this is give away to any presentist wishing to defend their view against STR. All empirical evidence which suggests that STR+ is true, equally supports STR- (p31, Markosian 2004). Just because it is not physically possible to determine whether two objects or events are absolutely simultaneous (p31, Markosian) does not entail that there is no such thing as absolute simultaneity, and no absolute present. Consider the Andromed a Paradox as explained earlier. From their own frame of reference (or plain of simultaneity) their idea of what event is present is different7. The presentist is able to agree with this view. Agreeing with this, does not mean they must reject their view on absolute simultaneity or their view that an absolute present exists. It may be the case that an absolute rest frame is not accessible to us. The presentist can reject the first postulate of STR. With this said, it seems the eternalist is unable to refute presentism by appealing to STR, and it looks likely that any such argument will end in a stalemate. The eternalist and presentist view with regards to STR can be summed up as followsEternalist STR is true and entails there is no absolute simultaneity or absolute present. Therefore, presentism is incorrect.Presentist STR being true does not entail there is no absolute simultaneity or absolute present. It entails that these are not accessible to us, but notwithstanding may still exist. According to me, they do exist.Its impossible to say whether either view is true or false (How would one prove that there is or isnt an absolute rest frame?), resulting in a stalemate. Its certainly seems that its not necessarily true that STR refutes presentism.ConclusionIn this essay, I have achieved what I had desexualise out to do. I have defined and explained what both presentism and eternalism entail. Ive made it clear what the differences between the two are and Ive shown that its important to understand what the word exists mean when discussing both views. I have also explained and discussed the Special Theory of Relativity. In doing so, I have shown how the paradoxes it leads to, causes problems for presentism, and have shown why the eternalist might try to attack presentism using STR. Finally, I considered ways in which the presentist may try to defend their position against STR and the eternalist. I have shown that any attempt by the eternalist to use STR against presentism will result in a stalement. The empirical evidence which supports STR+ equally supports STR-, and the presentist only needs to reject STR+ and accept STR-. The problem with using STR to attack presentism is that STR+ must be assumed to be true. It is not necessarily the case that STR+ is true, and the presentist may use this point in defending their position. STR+ (or a theory with the same consequences) may be shown to be true someday, but until that day comes, the eternalist should make use of some other weapon in trying to attack presentism.Word Count 4629Student ID 1818201

Effect of Computer on Design Creativity

Effect of Computer on Design Creativityargon computers pickings away the creativity in radiation diagram?AbstractComputers argon an integral part of todays end mathematical border. They, computers bet a time and greet economy device that help pictures in rendering patterns and insureing at a broader parameter of possibilities than would be possible otherwise. In looking at radiation pattern, unrivaled mustiness be aw be that it re faces a part of a business process that has competitive considerations. The former accepts costs, materials, innovation, uniqueness, distinction, functionality, and utility in gathering clients and well as customers. The position of computers in this highly charged environment has helped to drive down costs, while developing innovation as well as approaches to creativity.As such, visualizeers have been competent to expand their creativity by the ability of the computer to get them to look at to a greater extent than possibilities in their search to arrive at solutions that fit deep down the preceding parameters. As software programs advance on a technological basis, newer and much powerful programs are increasingly taking on more roles in the convention process. This represents the origin of this examination in that fat chassis has captured a new part of the preceding in that software mint gene place patterns base upon input parameters. Is the preceding innovative? The answer would have to be a yes. Does the foregoing aid in the business facial expressions in terms of broadening the prevail of potential possibilities, and helping to keep costs low? Again, yes is the answer.So, computers do have their place in increasing the efficiency and range of design outputs. The question is, has their role starting to become so large that they, computers are taking over the design function, relegating the designer to a computer operator?Chapter 1 groundworkIn equating the question as to whether computers are taking away creativity in design, an exploration into the key words of the examination is manifestly in purchase order. The Houghton Mifflin (2007) dictionary defines generative as Having the ability to originate, produce, or pro construct. Design, represents the process whereby one creates, fashions, executes and or constructs according to a plan (Merriam Webster (2007). The design process, depending upon the application that is beingness utilised, represents trial and error in working through the steps to the final design that fits the parameters of the project (Brown, 2001, p. 2). In order to focus in on the context, design as it relates to computer architecture, construction and new intersection points such as vehicles, and machines shall represent the core of the examination as represented by the question as opposed to the design of clothing, packaging, and related forms whereby the product is designed establish upon primarily internal considerations as opposed to client, a nd or competitive, and market considerations.As brought forrard by McDonagh et al (2004, p. 13)As established products have become more similar in technology, functionality, price and quality, companies have turned to design to differentiate their offerings through human-centred innovation and to create stronger emotional connections with their customers. More companies have followed the example of Apple, Braun and Philips, recognising design as a strategic function in their business-not one subservient to marketing, manufacturing or planThe design process has increasingly become more competitive in terms of differentiating products, and appealing to clients and customers, as companies seek competitive advantage through more integrated offerings, with differentiation through all points of customer contact that express their brand (McDonagh et al, 2004, p. 13). Thus, design is a full of life function well-nigh businesses, taking differing forms, thus the election to restrict thi s examination to the aforementioned categories.Rittel and Weber (1973, p. 158) tell us that design troubles are more than just complex, they, design problems, represent what they term as wicked problems. Moran and Carroll (1996, p. 4) in elaborating on the aforementioned advise that design problems be stated per se or solved in the sense of definitive answers, beca employment the criteria for evaluating goals and outcomes are innumer equal, subjective, and conflicting. They add that (Moran and Carroll, 1996, p. 4)Any solution will generate waves of consequences that interact among themselves and with other problems, changing the problem situation in irreversible and un cognise shipway. Thus, severally wicked problem is merely a symptom of further wicked problems their solutions cannot even be finally evaluated.In understanding the nuances as well as ramifications of design, it is necessary to note that design is a process that it usually proceeds under conditions that are represe nted by a high degree of un reliablety, whereby answers to critical facets cannot be had (Moran and Carroll, 1996, p. 4). The design process also is constrained by real world considerations as represented by time, and budgets, thus the boundaries of the process, design, are not unlimited. Thus, in view of constraints, the design process needs both ingenuity as well as creativity. As brought forth by Rittel and Weber (1973, p. 158), the complexity of design problems make design projects too large for on individual to handle as quadruple technical disciplines are required, as well as vigilance discipline, in addition to inventive and integrative skills (Moran and Carroll, 1996, p. 5).Evidence carrying the technical difficulties involved in the design process is presented by Brown (1998, pp. 45-46), who states the failure rate for new buildings of all types before construction starts is around 10%. For new products, such as electronics and related categories, the failure rate as a matter of design is generally deep down Browns (1998, pp. 45-46) range, hitherto there are exceptions, such as the 33% failure rate that Microsofts new Xbox 360 is experiencing (DailyTech, 2007). Pressures to get it right represent a critical business decision, whether there is a client involved, or if the design process represents an internal process for the companys own products. Thus, time, cost, simplicity, and failure rate minimisation are critical business concerns that the designer must operate within. Thus, the design function, while being creativity, is also subject to the foregoing pragmatic considerations.Generative design software represents the processes whereby new designs can be automatically produced at the push of a button (Mass Customization Open Innovation News, 2006). The preceding represents computer software taking various design specifications and formulating them into a final design matrix based upon the input variables within the software program (Mass C ustomization Open Innovation News, 2006). The basic forms, patterns and or objects is modified automatically by an algorithm, thus permitting faster trail and error processes (Mass Customization Open Innovation News, 2006). The process of automatic design generation permits thousands of differing designs to be produced, as well as permitting new ones, as the design process is not restricted to the designers imagination (Mass Customization Open Innovation News, 2006).It, generative design is the power or function of generating, originating, producing, or reproducing (Merriam Webster, 2007). The designing of architecture, and products represent processes that are three-dimensional (Beilharz, 2004). Parameters as represented by colour, texture, utility design input constraints, space, regulations, gravity, materials, heat (in the case of certain products) and costs are the boundaries to the structure as well (Beilharz, 2004). The application of generative administrations to design affects the design process phases and integrates the macrocosmic and microcosmic relations of the design system. For the purpose of clarification, macrocosmic represents and large or complex system or structure made up of similar smaller systems or structures (allwords.com, 2007), whereas microcosmic is delimit as a little world a community or other unity that is an epitome of a larger unity (Merriam Webster, 2007).This examination shall look at whether or not computers are taking away creativity in design by foc exploitation on generative design, and how it affects the designer. In delving into the preceding, a number of important areas shall be examined in order to understand the design process, what it entails, along with what creativity is and how it is utilised.Chapter 2 -The Design ProcessIn designing a product, building, vehicle or machine the principle output as represented by the design process is its specification as represented by both an annotated CAD rendering an d or a schematic (Moran and Carroll, 1996, p. 324). The design rationale represents the why the design is done in the manner that it is, with the foregoing including various types of discipline (Moran and Carroll, 1996, p. 324). Fry (1999, p. 22) takes a wider view of design, stating that it is one of the most powerful ways to understand how a world is prefigured, made and acts. Mitchell (1990, pp. 67-71) explains the design process as one that depending upon the context, takes on differing forms. He explains that the most usual computational variations represent transformations, which he terms as unary, as well as binary operations of shapes as represented in either two dimensional tipples, and or three dimensional geographic models (Mitchell, 1990, pp. 68-69). Mitchell (1993, p. 25) states that there are areas in computer-aided design that fail to support creativity, citing shape emergence as an example. Mitchell (1993, p. 25) palisades thatthat design intentions evolve throu gh the course of a creative design process, that these intentions determine how rising shapes in drawings will be recognized, interpreted, and reinterpreted, and that interpretation (and reinterpretation) of emergent shapes plays a crucial role in directing design explorations. Traditional computer-aided design systems do not effectively support creative design because they provide only very limited and inflexible ways of interpreting shapes.In elaborating on the foregoing Mitchell (1993, p. 25) adds Computer-aided design systems can, however, be developed on an alternative foundation that provides the necessary flexibility. Jun and Kim (2003) have a differing opinion of the preceding. They argue that shape semantics in CAD systems offer the potential for the emergence of shape semantics. In presenting their view, Jun and Kim (2003) offer the following rationaleDrawings in the early phase of design support both continuity and change in a process of design through the use of two dif ferent types of drawings (1) context drawings which hold the evolving design decisions, and exploration drawings which are abstracted from the context drawing and act as graphic probes to investigate selected issues. The notion of emergence in design is found here. The ambiguity of the exploration drawings enables a designer to read more out of a drawing than he or she puts into it that is, to generate new kernels within the design task. Through exploring drawings that are ambiguous until creation formation (2) is reached, various interpretations, in peculiar(prenominal) in visual aspect, are possible. As a consequence new drawings emerge. This process plays a crucial role to develop conceptual form in architectural design.The limitations found in CAD systems are based in the fact that they are fixed, in terms of the representation that are embedded (Jun and Kim, 2003). They argue that there are three types of emergence in the architectural field, shape emergence, shape semantic s, and style emergence (Jun and Kim, 2003). The rationale for this brief look at emergent shape semantics is that it represents a visual design concept, thus representing a segment of creativity (Jun and Kim, 2003). An alternative view of computers and creativity is offered by Kathleen Gibson, an associate professor of design and environmental analytic sentiment, who believes that computers actually aid in increasing creativity (Winter, 2003). Professor Gibsons unconventional approach is based upon the rationale that the designer can look at a multitude of differing examples, shapes, configuration and styles as part of their own internal creative processes and potential come up with ideas, shapes, and approaches that they may not have worked on without the aide of a computer to run through variations (Winter, 2003).Mathias (1993) advises that the more time and input designers spend on conceptualising through drawing, visualising as well as re-evaluating designs, the more they, in general, generate new information through multiple reviews and analysis, also resulting in reasoned explanations concerning problems, and proposed solutions. Lawson (1980, p. 6) advises that design represents a mental process that is highly organised, that is unresolved of manipulating differing as well as many kinds of information. He adds that the preceding blends that data into a set of ideas that is coherent, and finally results on the generation of ideas related to the process (Lawson, 1980, p. 6). Design, as shown throughout this examination, is a process, involving creativity, mental reviews, the manipulation of data and ideas, along with design possibilities, and indeed synthesising the process toward the end solution. In looking closely at the foregoing, it can easily be deduced that the limitations of the foregoing are represented by the breathe of experience, exposure and mental foundation bank of the designer. This thus further explains why Mathias (1993) makes his co ntention that the more time designers spend on drawing, visualising as well as re-evaluating designs, the more they, in general, generate new information through multiple reviews and analysis, the more they see other approaches, solutions and ways in which to accomplish the task, thus heightening their creativity.The explanation of the design process foregoing represents the use of non-creative facets, such as a systematic approach to the design issues and problems (Browne and Smith, 1993, pp. 1209-1218). Hertz (1992, pp. 396) brings forth what he terms as the mental synthesis-creation cycle, which represents the process of exploring alternatives in the ripening of the design that solves the end product and or building / structure. This represents the same approach, in general conception, as offered by Lawson (1980, p. 6).Chapter 3 CreativityCreativity, as stated by turner (1994, p. 21) represents the bringing forth of an original product of the human mind , which also has what he terms as its mundane side as well. The creative process is present in all of us. It represents our approach to problem solving for issues that we have not experienced before, through utilising past knowledge combined in new ways to result in a solution (Turner, 1994, p. 21). In equating creativity Weisberg (1986, p. 10) tell us that a solution is creative if it has earthshaking novelty, and is useful. In order to qualify as creative, the new approach, and or solution must be new as well as different from those that preceded it, and, those differences need to be significant (Weisberg, 1986, pp. 12-13). The utility, usefulness, is the second facet present in a creative solution, it must solve the problem in a new, and damp manner than those that preceded it, that can include at less cost, fewer parts, faster response time, etc. (Weisberg, 1986, pp. 12-13).In the design process, Cross (1986, p. 15) advises that the special ways in which designers think is embedded in their visual thinking process. Their process of creativity is based in lines, relationships, drawings and formulas representing their approach to problems (Cross 1986, p. 17-18). It must be noted that Dorst et al (1991, pp. 39-40) brought forth that the field of involve in terms of design thinking was found needinessing in three important areas. Dorst el al (1991, p. 42) identified the preceding as 1. a lack of research clarity, 2. lack of consistency in the tools, methods and theories utilised, and 3. the lack of a common unifying purpose. In defining design thinking, Dorst et al (1991, p. 43) advise that it represents the totality of cognitive activities during the design. The preceding is called design reasoning that is distinguished from inituition as a result of the conscious as well as predictable use of rules representing inference for the outcomes of using and manipulating design information. The preceding brings forth the facet of intuition as an important part of the process (Dorst e t al, 1991, p. 46). It, intuition, resides in the subconscious, which represents the synthesis of experiences, ideas, new approaches and concepts to result in approaches (Dorst et al , 1991, p. 46).In subjecting the preceding to experimentation, Dorst et al (1991, p. 46-48) utilised four designers in a reasoning task that was comprised of a series of architectural drawings for buildings of modest size containing 9 errors. The designers had to locate the errors in a think aloud mode to let their processes be known, which was being recorded, and also making sketches, along with marking the drawings (Dorst et al, 1991, p. 46-48). Later analysis of the recordings resulted in the formulation of two groupings. One represented the mental process of new design generation through changes in the drawings and designs (Dorst et al, 1991, p. 46-48). The second category revealed that the verbal statements made led to new information generation that built upon prior statements they uttered aloud ( Dorst et al, 1991, p. 46-48). Their prior histories and experiences represented the database to ascertain the errors, and pose solutions. In commenting upon this Dorst et al (1991, p. 46-48) noted that the resulting changes were not novel, nor creative, but did solve the errors. The purpose of the foregoing is that the designers were only given a limited time install in which to conduct their reviews, which exhibit visual thinking as well as visual reasoning processes (Dorst et al, 1991, p. 46-48).The importance of the preceding is that it brought forth the manner in which designers use visual thinking to stimulate their processes. Wiggins and Schon (1992, pp. 45-51) provide illumination to this direction in advising that drawings and representation represent the manner in which designers communicate, not only with themselves, they also use it to communicate with others in furtherance of their ideas. Important in the preceding, is that designers employ visual thinking that consist s of three types of visual imagery. The preceding is represented by what they see, what they imagine, and what they draw (McKim, 1980, p. 26). The foregoing is a highly important point in this examination, thus the rationale for the exploration these areas. Drawings and other visual representations aid in the stimulation process. It is the combination of these factors that are utilised by designers in the process of creating new designs and creative solutions.Further elaboration on this process is important in understanding the manner in which visual representations aid the design, and creative processes. Wiggins and Schon (1992, pp. 102-122) tell us that drawings help the designer in seeing, interpreting what can be potentially moved, re-evaluated, and or transformed. Tovey (1989, pp. 26-31) argues that seeing is an important part of the design process as it aids the designer in imaging, which prompts creativity and drawing. The preceding three processes work together to encourage visual thinking. The connection between the use of computers as an aid in this process will be further explored to draw upon examples that either support or refute if generative design impacts the designer, and if it aids or diminishes creativity.Herbert (1988, pp. 26-40), in his exploration of the design process states that once a designer begins to perceive the task, images, and or pictures representing solutions start to be generated in the designers mind. He adds that in the beginning of the process, these images, pictures, ideas and thoughts are not really well defined, thus needing further development (Herbert, 1988, pp. 26-40). The next stage on the process moves towards more castigatement as potential solutions, a means to these ends and the routes and ideas as to how to arrive there start to develop (Herbert, 1988, pp. 26-40). The foregoing was brought forth by Mathias (1993) who advised that designer tends to utilise drawing as a means to move to developing their first id eas, and in later stages of the process, drawings are utilised for synthesis. This is what Mathias (1993) describes as stepping back and then forward in the mental processes to be engaged, and then reflect on what has been thought, to re-engage the process again. Mathias (1993, pp. 113) diagrams the preceding as followsDiagram 1 Designers Framework for Idea Development(Mathias, 1993, p. 113)Analysis of problem statementHolistic solutionconceptProblemSolutionconceptConvergenceExplorationValidationSolutionMathias (1993) and McKim (1980) follow the same conceptual foundation in terms of imagery (drawings), representing a foundational facet in the design process. The preceding is part of the creative mental synthesis process whereby ideas begin as a result of engagement with the project. Verstijnen (1997), conducted experiments based upon the research methods of Finke (1990) as well as Helstrup and Anderson (1993). The six experiments conducted by Verstijnen (1997) used undergraduate i ndustrial design engineer and psychology students to investigate emergent figures and drawing / sketching relationships. The experiment called for some students to utilise sketching and drawing, and the others to use mental processes only in resolving the problem of wire frame drawings that had figures embedded (Verstijnen, 1997).The second experiment represented the investigation of creative mental synthesis tasking asked to generate shapes that were creative based upon a cube, sphere and cone. The results indicated that the restrictions of memory was not a motivating factor in sketching as an aid in creative mental synthesis experiments (Verstijnen, 1997). In the reinterpretation of shapes, the task proved difficult based upon the utilisation of imagery alone, thus suggesting an aid was needed, drawing (Verstijnen, 1997). She added that sketching for use in synthesis may not play a significant, and or important role, however in creative mental synthesis, sketching helped to yield a higher number of creative forms (Verstijnen, 1997). A comparison of the engineering students, and non-students was not included in her study (Verstijnen, 1997).From the foregoing, the data thus far reviewed seemingly indicates that visual thinking represents an important facet of creative mental synthesis, which is important in the design of new objects. The foregoing also seems to point to the fact that the manipulation of visual images in a mental mode is an important aspect of mental creative synthesis. In addition, the preceding seems to also point to the fact that drawing is important in supporting the process of creative synthesis in new design. The use of the word seemingly and seem are utilised as there is little to no empirical evidence to support the preceding, thus the views are based upon the views as express by a number of authors and researchers.Chapter 4 Generative DesignIn generative design, the description and design of relationships and components is accomplis hed by the use of powerful algorithms (MacDonald et al, 2005). These algorithms permit users to manipulate geometry and dynamically model through the application of rules that capture relationships in geometric features, along the defining of complex forms (MacDonald et al, 2005). Under a generative design program, the designer, utilising a CAD tool that specifies parameters and the restraints, the program then generates a number of outcomes that the designer then utilises as input, and or for another generation of shapes, forms or approaches, solutions (MacDonald et al, 2005). The generative design approach is applicable in the whole design process, once the parameters have been input and modified (Gatarski and Pontecorvo, 1999).Generative design has been employed in the development of cars, cell phones, structures and other areas. CAD and Design Automation software has long been utilised to optimise the assembly of differing design elements. Through the use of visualisation softwa re, designers are able to see the results without having to build mental images. In the generative design methodology, outcomes are rendered after a detailed and high level of input specification, thus deliverance time over the CAD and Design Automation approach that requires time in that each instance of an idea has to be imagined, manually expressed, and evaluated (Gatarski and Pontecorvo, 1999). On the most basic level, generative design systems consist of four elements (Gatarski and Pontecorvo, 1999)design representation,generation engine,expression engine,mechanism for evaluation and selection of the new generated specificationsThe following, further explains the workings within these steps (Gatarski and Pontecorvo, 1999)design representation,The design representation are input as a set of parameters, along with the corresponding constraints. In the preceding, the parameter sets represent the communicable design elements, defining the form as well as structural aspects. The constraint set controls the aesthetic as well as the fabrication facets, meaning the limitations as afforded by the material dynamics to be utilised. The foregoing constraints, and rules thus place a limit on the range of the generated design.generation engineThis aspect of the generative design process represents the internal process that generates the new design descriptions. It represents a set of prototype design descriptions that are also termed as parents, and then utilises the algorithm to take the parameter sets and combine them into new descriptions, or children. In general, the algorithms use operations that are based upon the concepts found in the chromosomal mutation and carrefour aspects found in genetics. The preceding thus ensures that the descriptions, children, are drawn from the parameter values as contained in the prototype set.expression engineIn the process of generative design, the expression engine interprets the descriptions, rendering them into a structure or model. The process can be set so that it is modular, thus permitting it to be able to support a host of alternative interpretations.mechanism for evaluation and selection of the new generated specificationsThe generative design approach is based upon having an objective function that evaluates the physical fitness output of the specifications of the design. In creative design area this facet is usually embedded in the human using the system. The foregoing is termed the human user in the loop as it provides a more intelligent and analytic capability as opposed to computed functions. The preceding is described as being a better match for the ranges of possibilities offered by the generative approach.Generative design offers the ability for designers to try as many ideas as possible, a critical facet when time is a constraining factor. It permits designers to thus present a variety of solutions that can thus be evaluated internally and or through focus group testing to refine the process and move to the final design variables. The foregoing recognises the fact that the design process has always been a process that is subject to the acceptance of the end user, which is either the client, or the general public. It, generative design, thus represents a means to work through a wide variety of approaches to achieve faster approximations of what will work.Chapter 5 The Role of ComputersIf computers are potentially limiting, and or taking away design creativity, it would seem appropriate to example the role of computers in the design process and tending questions. In the pragmatic sense, unlimited time to render and use a design is not a function of the design process. Whatever the function, be it architecture or products, there is a limited time frame for the design process to take shape, evolve, become proven through mathematical, structural, component material and cost / build considerations. The preceding represent constraints on the process that are real as well as binding. Computers have advanced the process of design through software such as CAD that enable users to perform a number of functions in time saving fashion. The preceding takes in such functions as (SAP, 2006)wire frame geometry creation,solid modelling, 3D parametric,freeform surfaces,automated assembly design,engineering drawings from solid models,re-utilisation of design componentsease on design modification and the generation of multiple versions,automated generation of design components,design simulation without prototype building,data exchange,as an aid in visualisation process for areas such as rotation, shading, etc.,design studiesas a few of the more important, or used functions. In equating this segment of the examination, the question of creativity resurfaces. As previously mentioned by Turner (1994, p. 21), creativity brings forth of an original product of the human mind . In the design process, it aids in the production of multiple view, as well as ideas. Ger o (1991) indicates that there are, in his view, five creative design processes that result in the introduction of new variables in the design prototype. These are (Gero, 1991)CombinationMutation likenessFirst Principles, andEmergenceThe following sets forth the preceding in more detailCombinationGero (1991) tells us that combination represents the combining of two or more prototype designs, with the new resulting variable introduced into the original from the former. Within this process, mutation represents the alteration of variables as accomplished by external agents (Gero, 1991).MutationWithin the preceding process, mutation represents the alteration of variables as accomplished by external agents (Gero, 1991). Through mutation, new variables can result due to extrapolation, and or combination of the variables (Gero, 1991).AnalogyThis is also known as case-based reasoning, representing structural elements applied by one prototype design into another design problem, as well as the use of past processes for a new design problem (Gero, 1991).First PrinciplesThe above is a process whereby new relational knowledge is logically derived from the behaviour of existing structures without the knowledge of the prototype (Gero, 1991).EmergenceThe process of inferring structural elements that are new through the extension of elements that exist, represents emergence (Gero, 1991).Indurkhya (2002), in defining creativity from a different perspective, provides insight into Geros (1991) concept of new variable introduction. H

Theories of Motivation and Conflict in the Workplace

Theories of indigence and Conflict in the WorkplaceAbstractConflict in whatsoever geological formation is a matter that fuel not be avoided. Conflict be perform from one viewpoint the privates involved in the organization who have the character, vision, goals, and styles vary. In addition, the mutualness in the midst of each other that characterize each organization. Although not all adverse organizational struggle, moreover handled legitimately, can have a positive squeeze and bequeath benefit the organization all in all. In addition, there should be transp arency in managing fighting in organizations and patience as head as all parties involved in awareness and interlocking within the organization.Introduction.This strife is regularly associated with the individuals who are, conflict, violence and destruction. What has always lingered in our minds is the way by which the conflict that can happen, and how to define conflicts and how to handle conflict. The reaction regul arly happens in life and cause us stretch, fear and tried to escape from dealing with conflict. At the identical time, for individuals who adoration conflict is defined as an individual difficulty, and so on. Such is the diversity of views and reactions to conflict. The fact that the conflict is human nature. Conflicts are always together and father dynamically along with human development. Conflicts can happen either on individuals, associations or organizations. At whatever point there is a conflict, obviously, will hazard the parties involved either positive or negative from the point that indirectly may affect the performance and productivity of individuals and the organization all in all. In this manner, the perception of conflict would facilitate forecasting methods, controls, changes and solutions to the problems that exist. In this regard, an initial exercise that needs to be researched is to identify the causes, factors and sorts of conflict, before the conflict managem ent process, ie, problem ply or decision making implemented.Concept and levels of conflict.Conflict is a different idea from the perspective of politicians and members of management. With this, the scope of the investigation is very broad conflict is conflict, for example, family conflict, conflict within the organization, the conflict amidst the individual, the conflict in the middle of the house and so on. Generally, when there are different goals and different points of view, then there will be a variety of issues and differences in the perception of some aspects of the organization. In addition, the conflict is as well as defined as any form of dispute within the organization, both among people with one another in the assembly, in the middle amongst the council and the assembly with assembly or organization can also between the individual and the organization in general.Although the conflict refers to the need, importance, to something or someone in the middle of both parti es with conflicting views. In my opinion, the conflict can be divided into two stages the macro level and micro level. The macro-level conflicts usually occur at the level of institutions and conflicts are rare, for example, conflict is a conflict singles macro itself. Therefore, the micro-level conflict is like interpersonal and between organizations, it often happens in any place, for example between two or more parties.Process of Conflict.In addition, methods of conflict consists of tetrad stages first a potential conflict or incompatibility which is a offset of conflict which is divided into three categories communication, structure and personal variables. This is due to the differences and disputes between communities. Also, brains and personality conflicts will occur when viewed by the parties involved and bring the parties involved in emotions that lead to dis comfort, hate and fear. Therefore, there will be tension or pressure on the parties involved. Third is the intenti on to make the decision to act in a way misguidedly and causes disturbed or negative effects on the individual. Fourth is the action in which he makes the conflict became apparent that includes a statement issued, the action taken and the response by the parties involved in the conflict. This conflict will arise between individuals who do not take seriously in conflict.Resolving conflict in a team.Various ways that we can fathom conflicts like listening to all opinions or viewpoints of the actors involved and concentrated on talks on facts and behavior, not on feelings or personal elements. In addition, we also need to get the agreement and responsibility to find a solution and give encouragement to all parties to the conflict to cooperate to take upkeep of problems accurately. All parties involved ought to play an important part in addressing conflict from spreading and provide an opportunity for all parties involved in the conflict to verbalise his opinion. Identify conflicts ar e also important in resolving the conflict because this activity is necessary and requires special expertise. Conflicts can arise from a particular source or base of the problem, however the problem into a conflict if not managed with great emotions. Accordingly, we must pick which one to this problem, which became a problem because of emotional things. This problem is the underlying emotional conflicts spell just exacerbate the problem alone. With this, we can handle the conflict regularly and can produce decent human beings.Theories of penury and its effectivenessIn prioritizing Herzberg two-factor hypothesis that encourages employees motivated intrinsic factor, namely the impetus arising from within oneself, and extrinsic factors, namely the impetus coming from outside oneself, especially from the organization where she lived up to expectations. Intrinsically motivated employees who delighted in the work that will enable utilization of reactivity and innovation, working with a high level of shore leave and dont have to be watched nearly. Satisfaction here is not primarily associated with the acquisition of things that are material. Instead, they are more motivated by extrinsic factors have a tendency to look to what is given to them by the organization and its work is directed to the acquisition of the things he wanted from the organization. According to Frederick Herzberg said that there are certain factors in the workplace that can lead to employment pleasure, while in different parts there are also different factors that may cause dissatisfaction. With this, satisfaction and occupation dissatisfaction related to each other. In this way, divided into two specific factors in the workplace is by Frederick Herzberg identified as hygienics factors and motivation.hygienics FactorsHygiene factors (health factors) is an important factor for their work motivation in the workplace. These factors do not lead to positive long-term satisfaction. At the same tim e if these factors are not present, then the dissatisfaction that. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors also referred to as dissatisfaction or maintenance factors necessary to avoid dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors (health factors) is the image of the needs of individual physiological factors that are believed to be fulfilled. Hygiene (health factors) include salaries, personal life, the quality of supervision, working conditions, the st force of the employer, the relationship between the personal, intelligence and corporate governance.According to the hygiene factor / extrinsic factors Herzberg will not further the interests of workers to form it big, but if these factors cannot be considered satisfactory in many respects, for example, inadequate wages, working conditions unpleasant, factors that will be spring potential dis circumscribe.Motivation FactorsSatisfaction creates a positive motivating factor. In addition, there are factors in the workplace and motivate employees to excel work called satiety factor. Employees only find motivation factors intrinsic value (satiety factor). Motivator which symbolizes mental needs is seen as an additional benefit. Factors associated with achievement motivation job content protection, recognition, challenging work, improvement and development in the job. In addition, factors intrinsic motivation is a factor that promotes the spirit to achieve higher employment. Meanwhile, the high level of satisfaction of needs motivation allows one to form a more than satisfying needs lower.Meanwhile, there is also a motivating factor according to Herzberg is working itself achievement, opportunities for advancement, recognition of others, and responsibility. In general hygienic factors, for example, salaries and employee relations support associate to survive in the workplace. Salary will only deliver instant motivation. tho not in the capacity factor of motivation, for example, the appointment of permanent staff. C ause a decrease in employee motivation to work.To motivate subordinates.Job satisfaction is basically something individual. Most individuals have a level of satisfaction vary and in accordance with the prevailing value system in itself. When assessed against the perceived height of the votes in accordance with the wishes of the individual, the higher the satisfaction of such activities. With this, an outline of job satisfaction can be interpreted as being pleasant or unpleasant, which looked incumbent of jobs. According to Herzberg behavioral traits that satisfied employees are those who have a high motivation to work. In addition, they are also more than happy to do his job, while its workers are less satisfied they are lazy to go to work at the workplace, and lazy in doing their jobs. Therefore, it can be concluded that job satisfaction is a feeling or attitude of someone in their work, which can be affected by various factors, both internal factors and external factors.Motivati on or encouragement movement behavior of organisms is continuing to carry out an activity that is stimulated by incentives. With this, the existence of behavior because of physiological or psychological stretch and leading to the achievement of a goal. In addition, the driving motivation is a desire to be effective and to achieve something. Motivation can also be regarded as a stimulus for the achievement of a stimulus or to avoid failure. Individuals who have the motivation means he has already acquired the ability to exceed expectations in life.ConclusionConflict is a part of human life that can never be settled all through the explanation of mankind. Sociologically, the conflict is defined as a social process between two or more persons where one party looks to prohibit different parties to pulverize it or make it frail. In addition, the conflict is motivated by differences in the characteristics of the individual got an interaction. Examples of these differences are related to the physical characteristics, information, understanding, beliefs, customs, and so on. Individual characteristics also recruit in social interaction. Therefore, conflict is a desirable situation in each community and not a society that has never had any conflicts between members or with other community bunches.Referenceshttp//www.dawama.com/Pengurusan-Konflik/q?pid=1752doit=orderhttp//cintahatikami.blogspot.com/2012/04/konflik-dalam-organisasi.htmlhttp//capoenk-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/6-cara-menyelesaikan-konflik-secara.htmlhttp//perilakuorganisasi.com/teori-erg.htmlSilhanek, B. and Decenzo, D.A. (2007) Human Relations Personal and Professional Development. London assimilator Hall.Robbins, S.P. nad Judge, T.A. (2009) Organisational Behaviour. 5th and. London Prentice Hall.

Urban Legends Essay -- essays research papers

Joel Beckwith Febuary 13, 2001Urban LegendsIn this paper I will explain exactly what an urban legend is,and give some examples of very touristed ones that have been passed byword of mouth for decades across the United States.1 " An urban legend is a story that is so bizarre,horrifying,or unexplainable, that it makes some affaire inside of us necessitate to believeit." Urban Legends can have traced origins from another(prenominal) countries,universities, states, or people,that just decided to made up as incredible story and pass it on to their friends and family members.Many of these legends were started in the sixties and seventies,and still continue to be passed on to this day. A good example, is the horrifying Pop Rocks death. 2"In the seventies ,school kids passed on the rumor that if Pop Rocks candy was eaten with any kind of soda,the mortals insides would explode". A legend that eventually forced the candy company company to prove as untrue. Most urban legen ds are began with "friend of a friend", which is a key in realizing that what you are going to hear is probably untrue.When I was in second grade, a famous legend was passed to me, the story of the well to Hell. Reportedly, down in Mexico, a group of hands were drilling holes in the ground looking for oil. These holes were thousands of feet deep, and the men heard horrifyingscreams coming from the depths below. Supposedly these these terrible sounds were coming from Hell. This story causedmuch debate among the Christian community, and was repeatingin news letters, and radio conversation shows around the country. Eventually,an urban legend investigator traced the story to a school teacher who admitted that she made the whole thing up.As legends are passed from person to person the stories aremodified and changed until several versions of the story actuallyexist.A good example of a mixed story is the classic urban legendof the vanishing hang-up hiker. Most versions of the s tory are told of a tall thin hitch hiker walking down the road until he gets picked up.As the stranger is in the cable car he stays quiet and doesnt speak until he says The end is near and disappears right before the drivers eyes.Other versions are told of a young girl who does the same thing sometimes the hitch hiker claims Jesus is coming again rightbefor... ...hich is which and who is who", we see the Wicked fascinate of the West looking at the dead feet of the Wicked Witch of the East. For "up..up..up", the Witch is on top of a ramp on "down..down.. down..", she is walking down. "And in the end", the dead Witch disappears. "Out..out..out", Good Witch Glynda exits in a bubble. The rime "Brain Damage" is played as the scarecrow sings "If I Only Had a Brain." The heartbeat heard at the end of the album coincides with Dorothy listening to the buttocks Mans heart. (These similarities are prepare at http//turnerclassicmovies.co m)Urban legends and their history can be a very interesting thing to devote your time to. The library has many good books on urban legends, one of the best is "Too Good to be True The Colossal Book of Urban Legends" by Jan Harold Brunvand. Jan Harold Brunvard has written other good books as urban legend references,including "The Baby Train" and "The Mexican Pet".Overall I enjoyed writing this report and I have found urban legends to be very interesting and I hope to explore them moreas a personal hobby.

Comparitive Analyis: Jefferson versus Hamilton Essay -- Politics Alexa

Though both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson served as members of President Washingtons cabinet, the two held actually different views on the newly founded U.S. government, interpretation of its constitution, and the role of the masses in that government. These conflicting views would develop in two political parties, the Federalists conduct by Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson. Although both political parties presented enticing aspects, Hamiltons views were much more reasonable and fruitful when compared Jeffersons views idealistic and too strict in quality to the constitution. Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, strongly opposed America becoming a land of cities, mines, mills, factories, and other industrial plantations. To support their ideas for a kingdom of farmers, they adopted the theory of strict constructionism. This theory put forth the thought that the government did not have the power to do anything, unless it wa s expressly given the hope by the Constitution. Federalists, on the other hand, promoted the growth of industry in America. This party, lead by Alexander Hamilton, used the idea of broad constructionism. It verbalize that unless the Constitution said it could not be done, it was fine to go ahead and do it. They often referred to the Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause this declared that the government had the power to pass any law deemed necessary and proper. These two ideas...